Posted by 6dasarkel on December 16, 2008 at 8:51pm
1. Expanding westward(Ch. 5)
Expanding WestwardWhy did people move West?People living in the US saw the West as an opportunity for a better life. In the West, they could start a business, get land to farm, or make a fortune mining. Gold and silver was a major lure of people to the West. In 1958, gold was discovered in Colorado and caused a great migration of people.The longdirve was another attraction of the West. People wanted to make money by transporting steer around the West.Although moving West sounded great, there were some complications. Native American still hunted lands that had been taken away from them by the government. There were disputes between the Indians and the settlers when settlers tried to travel across the Great Plains. The Massacre at Sand Creek amd Death on Bozeman Trail are examples of quarrels between US forces and Native Americans. These fights temporarily ended with the Treaty of Fort Laramie. As settlers continued to move West with the discover of more and more gold, disputes between Indians and Americans started up. Custer's Last Stand was a battle that wiped out Custer and his troops within an hour. Not long after, the Indians were defeated.Other problems for settlers included droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, and locust plagues. There weren't many trees available so settlers had to deal with dugouts or houses made of sod, or soddies. Since the West wasn't very dense, most people had to rely on themselves for everything. Farming every year was difficult. This changed with the invention of the steel plow in 1837.With buying new equipment came debt for farmers which eventually became a major problem. Railroads began charging unfair prices for hauling supplies and the cost of crops fell. Farmers were in economic trouble. In the 1860's, farmers began to join together to form alliances and eventually fought back against railroads.With the opening of railroads, the West was opened up to nearly anyone. The government also encouraged settlement of the West. The Homestead Act offerered 160 acres of land to any free man that was the head of the house. This act didn't work the way the government had intended it. Land speculators paid men to go set up a household in the West so they could gain that land in the future.In the late 1800's it was declared that the West was closed. There was no more land further west to be settled. To many Americans this was a devestating blow.Section 1 Words to Remember•Great Plains - grassland in the midwest of the US•Treaty of Fort Laramie - Sioux indians were forced to live in reservations on the Missouri River•Sitting Bull - leader of the Hunkpapa Sioux•George A. Custer - US colonel famous for "Custer's Last Stand"•assimilation - plan for Native Americans to take up the white way of life•Dawes Act - broke up reservations to Americanize Native Americans•Battle of Wounded Knee - battle that ended the Indian wars•longhorn - breed of steer common in the long drive•Chisholm Trail - major cattle transport route in the late 1800's•long drive - overland transport of animals(mainly from Texas) in the late 1800'sSection 2 Words to Remember•Homestead Act - offered 160 acres of land in the west to any free white man for free•exoduster - African-Ameicans who moved to Kansas after the Civil War•soddy - a home made of sod•Morrill Act - gave grants to states for agricultural colleges•bonanza farm - 15000-50000 acres of one-crop landSection 3 Words to Remember•Oliver Hudson Kelley - founder of The Patrons of Husbandry•Grange - The Patrons of Husbandry•Farmers’ Alliances - organization created for the benefit of farmers•Populism - the movement of people•bimetallism - system of using gold and silver to back money•gold standard - system of using only gold to back money•William McKinley = Republican candidate for president in 1896 election•William Jennings Bryan - Democratic candidate for president in the 1896 election - AKA The Ultimate Loser in Politics2. The Industrial Revolution(Ch. 6)
The Industrial RevolutionHow did the Industrial Revolution begin?There were many triggers for the Industrial revolution. One of these is the abundance of natural resources.The Oil Boom in 1850's is one example of the abundance of natural resources in the US. It was soon discovered that a byproduct of this oil could be used for fueling cars. Also, steel was a natural resource that was plentiful in the US. After the invention of the Bessemer Process, removing carbon from iron to create steel, it was practical to produce lots of steel. Steel could be used for bridges, skyscrapers, and railroads.Inventors played a big role in the Industrial revolution. With inventions such as the telephone, the typewrite, and the incandescent lightbulb, demand for factories and mass production grew.Railroads in itself was a cause for the indstrial revolution. The railroad system was used in settling the West and demand for supplies to build railroads was high. Since railroads were all over, this helped form new markets for different industries.The Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on the US and its citizens. The West was settled easily with the construction of railroads. Houses became technologically advanced with the new inventions. Business flourished with their new markets. Andrew Carnegie is an example of a positive of the Industrial Revolution. He was born poor and became rich through the stock market and his steel company. Via vertical integration, Carnegie attempted to control the steel industry.The bad side of the Industrial Revolution is often overlooked. Farmers were put into debt because railroads were gaining so much control. Companies were cheating people out of their money by overcharging for the new goods and serices. Some workers ended up living a tough life of strict rules. Factory workers had to deal with low wages and poor conditions. From this, labor unions formed. Monopolies are a negative thing that resulted from the Industrial Revolution that causes a big uproar. One business in an industry could take over that industry by driving companies out of business. At this point they could charge extremely high prices without any competetion. John Rockafeller did this with the oil industry.Section 1 Words to Remember•Edwin L. Drake - used a steam ingine to drill for oil making oil drilling practical•Bessemer process - takes carbon from iron to produce steel•Thomas Alva Edison - inventor of the late 1800's(phonograph, incandescant lightbulb)•Christopher Sholes - inventor of the typewriter•Alexander Graham Bell - inventor of the telephoneSection 2 Words to Remember•transcontinental railroad - first railroad extending across the entire US•George M. Pullman - built a factory for manufacturing railroad cars in Illinois•Crédit Mobilier - company that used the railroad business as a scam to make money•Munn v. Illinois - case in which the Supreme Court shose to uphold the Granger laws•Interstate Commerce Act - allowed the federal government to regulate railroads and established the ICCSection 3 Words to Remember•Andrew Carnegie - one of the first industrial moguls to make his own fortune/major steel producer•vertical integration horizontal integration - buying our suppliers or competetors to control of an industry•Social Darwinism - survival of the fittest/used to justify the absence of marketplace regulation/whoever does well deserves to beat out competetors•John D. Rockefeller - established the Stnadar Oil Company/monopolized the oil industry in the US•Sherman Antitrust Act - banned trusts that interfered with free trade between states and countries•Samuel Gompers - leader of the Cigar Makers' International Union•American Federation of Labor (AFL) - organization that helped unions negotiate with labor representatives•Eugene V. Debs - made the first attempt to form an industrial union(American Railway Union)•Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) - union for skilled and unskilled workers- AKA Wobblies•Mary Harris Jones - organizer in the women's labor movement3. Immigration and Urbanization(Ch. 7)
Immigration and UrbanizationImmigration is the movement of people from one country to another. In the late 1800's and early 1900's millions of immigrants entered the US. Reasons they came to the US would be: better jobs, fleeing religious or political persecution, escaping famine, land shortages in home countries, and the Gold Rush.When immgrants arrived in the US they had to enter through immigration stations. Ellis Island was an immigration station off of New York and New Jersey. Here immigrants had to pass tests to be allowed entrance to the mainland. Some people were sent back for reasons such as physical disabilities or not having enough money. The immigration station in San Fransisco was Angel Island. This was a passage for many Asian immigrants.Once the immigrant made it into the country, they had to find a job. For some this was easy because they were willing to work for little money in factories. For others it was difficult because so many jobs were filled. The Industrial Revolution helped create jobs for immigrants. With such poor working condiions and low salaries, many people saw that America wasn't all it had been cracked up to be. Many native-born US citizens were prejudice toward immigrants. This was called nativism. At one point, immigration of Asian was limited. This upset Japan and another agreement was made to allow skilled Asians into the US.Urbanzation is the growth of cities. Many cities in the US experienced urbanization as more and mroe jobs became available in the cities. Immigrants chose to settle in cities so they could get a job and make a living. Cities offered fun things to do and organized sports were becoming popular so people moved closer to cities. With advancements in farming technology, less workers were needed in the country and had to find a job in the city.Urbanization caused promblems for cities such as housing. With so many people in a small area, there wasn't enough place to put houses. Tenements became common as immigrants moved to cities because they were cheap and could house many people. Sanitation issues came about because there wasn't an affective waste disposal system. Clean water was near non-existant and caused diseases in the cities. Also crime rates rose and fires spread since everything was so close.A positive of urbanization is the mass transit system. With so many people needing to go places everyday, cities developed street cars and subway systems as transportion. These are still used today. Settlement houses were started for immigrants to help them become accustomed with the American language and get an education.Section 1 Words to Remember•Ellis Island - station that immigrants went through upon entering the US•Angel Island - immigrant station in San Fransisco•melting pot - people from different cultures and races who got rid of their original customs and blended with others•nativism - favoring native-born Americans•Chinese Exclusion Act - banned immigration of most Chinese for 10 years•Gentlemen’s Agreement - limited emigration of unskilled Japanese in exchange for repealing a Chinese segregation actSection 2 Words to Remember•urbanization - growth of cities•Americanization movement - attempt to make all Americans take on the culture of of native-born Americans.•tenement - multi-family urban dwelling•mass transit - system of transporting large amoutns of people along fixed routes•Social Gospel movement - early reforn program that taught salvation through service to the poor•settlement house - community centers in the slums that assisted people•Jane Addams - foudner of Chicago's Hull HouseSection 3 Words to Remember•political machine - group that controlled a political party in a city•graft - illegally using political influence for personal gains•Boss Tweed - leader of NYC's democratic political machine•patronage - giving gov't jobs to someone who helped get a certain candidate elected•civil service - government administration jobs•Rutherford B. Hayes - republican president from 1877-1881•James A. Garfield - independent presidential 1881 - assassinated•Chester A. Arthur - republican VP in 1881 and president 1881-1885•Pendleton Civil Service Act - required skill tests to recieve government jobs•Grover Cleveland - democratic president who served 2 non-consecutive terms•Benjamin Harrison - president from 1889-18934. Segregation and Discrimination(Ch.8)
Segregation and DiscriminationIn the late 1800's and early 1900's racial descrimination was a mojor problem in the US. Since African-Americans had just recently been freed. It was difficult for black people to get a good edcation or a decent job. Schools were segregated and African-Americans didn't get a quality education. African-American colleges were formed so some black people could get a higher education. Many different attempts were made to give black students the skills they needed to become accepted by society.Ida B. Wells was a writer who used her writing to get the word out about the need for racial equality. She wrote about lynching, the illegal execution of African-Americans. Lynching took place mostly in the South and grew too common.A number of laws were put into place that made life as an African-American even harder. Voting laws were passed that required literacy skills that most African-Americans didn't have. A poll tax was put into effect that most African-Americans couldn't afford. Because of these laws, the say of black people in government was very limiited.Segregation laws, such as the Jim Crow Laws, separated most public places. Schools, theaters, hospitals, and parks were separated into black and white facilities. Some thought these laws were unconstitutional and took a case to the Supreme Court. Plessy v. Ferguson was the trial that upheld the segregation laws as long as the facilities were equal. Unfortunately, most weren't equal and African-Ameicans had to use poor quality buildings.Black people were forced to follow racial etiquette rules that put them down. If these weren't followed, they ran the risk of being lynched. This took place not only in the South but in northern and western states too. Racial discrimination also took place against Mexicans and Chinese.Section 1 Words to Remember•Louis Sullivan - architect who designed the Wainwright building•Daniel Burnham - designed the Flatiron Building•Frederick Law Olmsted - started movement for the building of planned urban parks•Orville and Wilbur Wright - completed first successful flight•George Eastman - invented Kodak camera and film that didn't have to be developed right awaySection 2 Words to Remember•Booker T. Washington - African American educator that believed racism would end when blacks gained work skills•Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute - university that taought work skills•W. E. B. Du Bois - first African American to receive a doctrate from Harvard•Niagara Movement - encourage balcks to get a liberal arts education to create well educated leadersSection 3 Words to Remember•Ida B. Wells - African American writer who journaled to encourage racial equality•poll tax - tax required in order to vote•grandfather clause - allowed a man to vote if his father of grandfather had been able to vote•segregation - separation of races•Jim Crow laws - enabled legal segregation•Plessy v. Ferguson - case that upheld segregation as long as black and white facilities were equal•debt peonage - allowed men to be made slaves to pay off debtSection 4 Words to Remember•Joseph Pulitzer - bought the New York World in 1883•William Randolph Hearst - bought the Morning Journal in 1895•Ashcan school - school that portrayed people in realistic views•Mark Twain - Samuel Clemens/writer of popular realistic novels•rural free delivery (RFD) - system of delivering packages to homes5. The Progressive Era(Ch.9)
The Progressive EraThe Progressive Movement was an economic reform effort to give the people more say in government, create more economic opportunities, and make a better living environment for everyone.The four stated goals of the Progressive Movement are: protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement, creating economic reform, and fostering efficiency.Progressives also wanted to clean up America's governments at both local and state levels. These progressive governments worked to fight big businesses and to make costs fairer for the common person. The Seventeenth Amendment was added due to the PRogressive era. This amendment was the addition of direct primaries.A big part of the Progressive movement was the fight for the protection of child laborers and women laborers. Progressives, mostly women, aimed to lower the working hours for women and children.During the Progressive movement, Theodore Roosevelt was president. He was very successful at his job during his year in office and was well-liked for his "trust-busting" abilities, young personality, arbitration skills, and extreme PRogressive success. Roosevelt aided in the progress of food and drug regulations, conservation efforts, and race-realated civil rights.After Roosevelt left office, Taft came in as a Republican Progressive. Taft was cautious with his Progressive moves. He wasn't highly favored because of his mistakes early on in his presidency. Thanks to him, the Republican party was on the edge after his term. The Republican party was now split in to two parties: Republican Taft and Bull-Moose Roosevelt. They ran against Democrat Wilson. Wilson won due to the split in the Republicans.Section 1 Words to Remember•progressive movement - aimed to make drastic changes in America to benefit the people•Florence Kelley - advocate for improving the lives of women and children•prohibition - banning of alcohol•muckraker - journalist who wrote about the bad side of business•scientific management - studies to test time management•Robert M. La Follette - former progressive Republican governor of Wisconsin•initiative - bill started by the people, not lawmakers•referendum - a vote on the initiative•recall - enables voters to remove public officials from elected offices•Seventeenth Amendment - direct election of senatorsSection 2 Words to Remember•NACW - Nat'l Association of Colored Women•suffrage - right to vote•Susan B. Anthony - leading proponent of woman suffrage•NAWSA - Nat'l American Women Suffrage AssociationSection 3 Words to Remember•Upton Sinclair - researched working conditions•The Jungle - book written by upton Siclair about the poor conditions of the meatpacking industry•Theodore Roosevelt - VP that became President when McKinley was assassinated•Square Deal - progressive reforms supported by Roosevelt•Meat Inspection Act - required strict regulations for meatpackers•Pure Food and Drug Act - stopped sales of contaminated foods and drugs•conservation - preserving certain wilderness areas•NAACP - Nat;l Association for the ADvancement of Colored PeopleSection 4 Words to Remember•Gifford Pinchot - head of the US forest service under Roosevelt•William Howard Taft - secretary of war under Roosevelt in 1904 and former president•Payne-Aldrich Tariff - moderated the rates of the Aldrich Bill•Bull Moose Party - another name for the Progressive Party•Woodrow Wilson - democratic presidential candidate in 1912 and former president6. US Imperialism and the Spanish American War(Ch. 10)
US Imperialism and the Spanish American WarIn the late 1800's and early 1900's the US got involved in the worldwide frenzy of imperialism. Imperialism is taking over countries and claiming them. We became imperialistic for several reasons. We wanted more military strength, we wanted new markets, and we thought our superior culture should spread.Our imperialistic greed brought us Alaska in 1867. At the same time we took over the Midway Islands. Then, we bacame interested in Hawaii. Hawaii had been our supplier of sugarcane which made them economically attached to us. We also had many missionaries on the islands. After Pearl Harbor was place on Hawaii, US decided it was time to take over Hawaii's queen. Queend Liliuokalani was replace by Sanford B. Dole, the new head of government in Hawaii. After some disagreement with Cleveland, Dole won. McKinley annexed Hawaii.You can read about the New Diplomacy here: New DiplomacyThe US had been interested in making Cuba part of the US for some time when Cuba rebelled for the second time against its mother country, Spain. The Cuban revolution was lead by Jose Marti. The US was split on whether to support Cuba or Spain. Things such as The Butcher's camp deaths, yellow journalism, the de Lome letter, and the USS Maine explosion were reasons we entered the Spanish-American war on Cuba's side.The war was fought all over the world. The Philippenes was captured by the US and obviously the Caribbean was a fighting location. This war helped Teddy Roosevelt become famous as one of the Rough Riders.the Treaty of Paris was basically an end to the war. Cuba was freed and the US gained many lands.For some time the US kept a close watch on Cuba. We wanted to make sure they were stable and accepted our terms. It didn't help that people in China and the Philppenes were rebelling against the US. The Philippenes became independent later on in the 1900's.Section 1 Words to Remember•Queen Liliuokalani - queen of hawaii before the US annexed it•imperialism - taking over other countries•Alfred T. Mahan - leader of the US navy•William Seward - secretary of state under lincoln and johnson•Pearl Harbor - port in /Hawaii where a naval base was built•Sanford B. Dole - leader of the American Hawaiian governmentSection 2 Words to Remember•José Martí - cuban poet and jurnalist in exile in New York•Valeriano Weyler - "The Butcher" Spanish general sent to Cuba to restore order•yellow journalism - exaggerating in journalism to gain readers•U.S.S. Maine - ship that was thought to be sunk by Spain - encouraged the Spanish-American War•George Dewey - US commodore who succeeded in the Philippenes•Rough Riders - voluntary calvary under Wood and Roosevelt•San Juan Hill - site of a US victory in the Spanish-American war•Treaty of Paris - ended the Spanish-American war and negotiated landsSection 3 Words to Remember•Foraker Act - ended military rule and set up gov't in Puerto Rico•Platt Amendment - terms US forced Cuba to add to its constitution•protectorate - country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power•Emilio Aguinaldo - rebel leader in the Philippenes•John Hay - US Secretary of State who proposed the Open Door Notes•Open Door notes - letters to nations proposing the sharing of trading right with the US•Boxer Rebellion - rebellion of people in China who killed inocent peopleSection 4 Words to Remember•Panama Canal - water route through Panama built by the US•RooseveltCorollary - addiction to the Monroe Doctrine warning countries to stay out of the Americas•dollar diplomacy - policy that used the US Gov't to guarantee loans to forign countries•Francisco “Pancho” Villa - leader of Mexican rebels•Emiliano Zapata - assisted Villa in leading Mexican rebels•John J. Pershing - US leader who went to Mexico to capture Vill abut never did-Sara
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No, this is not Danielle:( Just Sara missing her Danielle and her unique dialect.