Week of Sept. 4th-9th

Monday: No school Labor Day

Tuesday: Continued taking notes on dynasty projects/presentations

Wednesday: Continued taking notes on dynasty projects/presentations

Thursday: Continued taking notes on presentations

Friday:

Notes:

Phoennicia

Political
- When did they come into power?
  - 2750 B.C.
  - Founding of Tyre
  - 813 C.C.
  - Carthage
- When did they lose power?
  - 146 B.C.-Fall of Carthage
  - Greeks or Romans destroyed area
  - Turks captured
  - 1516 A.D.
- Government
  - Kingship, Royal houses claimed divine descent
  - Limited power, powerful merchant families
  - Council of elders
- Law
  - Most advanced code of law
  - Destroyed when taken over
  - Admiralty law/maritime
- War
  - Punic Wars with Carthage
  - Rome and Carthage
  - Series of 3 Wars
  - 3rd war
Economy
- What type?
  - Very diversified and complex
  - Relied heavily on trade
- How people made a living?
  - Trading
  - Merchandising
- Social classes
  - King
  - Social Class
  - Middle Class
  - Working Class
Geography
- Where it is
  - The base area is where Syria, Lebanon, Israel are today
  - Their control went all across the Mediterranean Sea
  - Live on the east end of the Mediterranean
  - "The Sea People"
  - Around lots of forests and woods
  - Lebanon mountains
- Natural Barriers
  - Lived on a strop of fertile land between the Mediterranean and the Lebanon mountains
  - Divided into city-states
  - cities were usually built on islands off the coast (easier to defend)
Social
- Entertainment
  - Music
  - Hymn to the Moon Goddess, Nikkal
- Religion
  - Very important
  - Mandy gods that temples built in their name
  - Offerings and sacrifices were regular
  - Their religion would evolve by the greatest colony-Carthage
  - Kings of Sidon were called priests of Astarte
  - The Phoenician priest was Sanctification from Berytus
    - Many thought he was mythical, proven to be real
  - Main God
    - Astarte
  - Main Cities
    - Byblos, Sidon, Tyre
  - Sidon
    - Baal
      - Most important
    - Artaste
      - 2nd most important god in Sidon
      - Most popular than Ball
      - Many temples
    - Eshmun
      - 3rd most important
      - Equivalent to Adonis
      - God of healingyblos
  - Worship
    - At temples
    - Worshiped natural sites
      - Mountains
      - Rivers
      - Groves of trees
      - Rocks
    - Prayer
    - Burning incense
    - Pouring libations
    - Making offerings to gods sacred animals, foods, and precious goods
    - Women would put prostitute themselves in the honor of Astarte
    - At times of danger human sacrifices (children) were made
    - Funerals included embalming or public ceremonies and feasts
    - Some inscriptions in tombs call for the dead not to be disturbed
- Language
  - Used a Semitic language (Hebrew, Arabic, and Aramaic)
  - Canaanite language
  - Through Syria and Egypt and others
  - Not much of text survived except fragments
  - Drew signs and pictograph with a wedge
  - Signs were also used for the phonetic value which represented one or several sounds
- Art
  - Best known for their small decorative items
- Gender Roles
  - Women had more freedom than most areas
  - Could divorce and recieve their items
  - Many prostitutes
    - Low jobs such as weaving textiles and wore//covered by many fabrics and cloth
  - They had little to no say in the government

Sumerians

Economy
- Reliant on agriculture
- Influenced by technological advances in Mesopotamian era
- Jobs
  - Pottery makers, stone cutters, bricklayers, metal smiths, farmers, fisherman
  - Jobs scaled with the social classes
  - Women had less important jobs and ones similar to peasants
- Social Classes
  - At the top was the king, owns all land and gives it to his people as a trade for their loyalty and protection
  - In the middle are merchants, skilled workers, and traders
  - Bottom are the slaves and peasants
Social
- Religion
  - Sumerian religion was created around nature and its aspects.
  - Later they became associated with human forms
  - Eventually turned into city states being associated with gods.
  - The gods weren't the wind rather they controlled the rain
- Educations
  - School was the temple
  - The priests taught the students
  - Needed to be a wealthy male to receive an education
  - Very few girls
  - School lasted sun up to sun down
  - A lot of the system was writing
- Art
  - Made a majority of art out of clay
    - Statues and sculptures of gods
  - The relationships between humans and nature
  - Carve stuck into rock or clay making it their signature/seal
    - Individualized
- Entertainment
  - Consisted of music, festivals, sports (boxing and wrestling)
  - Board games and toys like jump rope and tops
  - Began writing poetry and creating art
- Gender Roles Women
  - Depended on social class
  - Lower class
    - Took care of kids and household
  - Middle
    - Sold clothes that were made
    - Could open up a tavern with husbands permission
  - Priest
    - Could become priestess
    - Own property
    - Attend legal matter
    - Were given some authority but not much
- Gender Roles Men
  - Depended on social classes
  - Wealthy
    - Rulers, lawmakers, and priests
  - Middle Class
    - Farmers
  - Lower
    - Slaves and peasants
Politics
- 1st Ruler
  - 18 major cities which function as independent states open unified as one civilization under one king
  - From 2900-2800 BC
  - Earliest king authenticated with archaeology is Enmebaragesi of Kish who ruled in the 26th century BC
- Organized city-states
- Ruled by a king
- More formal political structure
  - Government regulated religion
  - Court system
  - Class system
- Rulers
  - Second early dynastic period from 2800-2600 BC
  - Lugal-Zage-Si was the last ethnically Sumerian king of Sumeria
- City States
  - Before 3000 BC
  - Was most likely theocratic
  - Was ruled by many successive religious leaders or priest-kings who would have to unite the city states when they came to power after the old king died
  - This weakened Sumeria, weren't able to defend themselves from the Akkadians, taken over in 2334 BC
Geography
- Located in the southern part of Mesopotamia
- Directly between Tigris and Euphrates rives
- Located in what is now southern Iraq
- Natural Barriers
  - Lacked
  - Very vulnerable- unable to protect their resources and themselves
  - Did have the Arabian desert to the west
  - Zagros Mountains to the east but were to far to do anything
- Land Type
  - Very fertile from the rivers
  - Land away from rivers is dry/desert area
  - Helped them strive on agriculture
Advancements
- Invented the wheel
- Cuneiform writing system was the first writing evidence
- Concept of the hour into 60 minutes and minutes in to 60 seconds
- Thought to have invented military formations
- Among the first formal astronomers
- First to mix copper and make bronze

Assyrian

Geography
- Located in the northern part of Mesopotamia- modern Iraq
- Two rivers ran through Assyria- Tigris and Euphrates
- North and east of the place were the Taurus and Zagros mountains
- Soil was very rich and fertile
  - Able to feed a large population
Economy
- Mainly farmers and herders
- Traded with surrounding villages if necessary
- Created irrigation for the dryer times
- Established a tax for states and provinces in
- Tax on Egypt goods
- Allowed immigrants to join boosting economy by working forestry and mining
Political
- 4500-2400 B.C. complex societies began to form throughout Mesopotamia
- First society to make militarism a central policy
  - Battering Rams/Digging tunnels
  - Ladders
  - Archers
- Trade begins- Karum Kanesh- wealth generates stability
- Hurrians and Hatti hold dominance in Anatolia, Ashur, and north Mesopotamia
- Shamashi Adad I drives out Amorites and takes over
  - Control major trade routes
- Assur, Nineveh, and Arbel unite
- Government
  - Monarchy led by a king
  - Independent states- Own ruler
  - Tax system- Destroyed villages if taxes weren't paid
  - The Fall
    - Over expansion- In 612 B.C. Medes and Chaldeans join together to overthrow Assyrian rule- burned down Nineveh
- 2nd Rise
  - 33 A.D.- After the crucifixion, Assyrians converted to Christianity
  - Religious Empire
    - Translations from Greek
    - Science, Philosophy, Medicine
  - First university ever- The School of Nisibis
  - 630 A.D.- Arabs sweep the Middle Easy
    - Assyrians convert from Christianity to Islam
    - Timurlane the Mongol ends Assyrian Empire
Social
- Education and Religion
  - Education was aimed towards the upper classes
  - Priest and scribes
  - Wealthy families boys
  - Ashurism
  - Christianity
- Art
  - Wall drawings
  - War, Hunting
  - Sculptures of leaders
    - Out of clay
- Entertainment
  - Music
    - Harps, Lyres, drums
  - Sports
    - Boxing, wrestling
  - Games
    - Board games, rocks as figurines
- Women
  - Stay at home tasks
  - Provide
- Men
  - Work
  - Farm
  - Leather producer
  - Brick Makers
  - Carpentry

India Harappans

Economy
- Wealthy civilization
- Used gold instruments studded with jewels
- Received copper, silver, tin, and gold from the Nilgiri region
- Trade link western Asia
- Social Classes
  - Brahmin- the Kings and priests
  - Kshatriyas- warriors and aristocrats
  - Vaishya- cultivators, artisans, and merchants
  - Shudra- peasants and servants
Geography
- Province of Pakistan
- Indus valley civilization was a bronze age of civilization
- One of the 3 early civilizations of the old world
- Natural Barriers
  - High mountains- Himalayas
  - Thar Deserts
  - Indian Ocean
  - Dense forests and swamps to the east
  - Ganges river
- Farming
  - Farmers made good use of the water from the rivers
    - First farmers to use water from underground wells
  - Grew
    - Wheat and other grains
  - Animals
    - Cows, goats, and sheep
- Natural Resources
  - Fresh water and timber
  - Gold, silver, semi-precious stones
  - Marine resources
- Granary
  - Granary is found on mound F
  - It is a brick structure that was built on a massive brick foundation (Homes)
  - Two rows of six rooms, each room is about 15.2 by 6.1 ft
- Burial
  - Placed inside a wooden coffin
  - Wore jewelry around necks
  - Grave robbers
  - If an infant dies they are buried underneath their mother
Education
- Was oral and all writing was written down on bark and leaves
- Wife would usually teach in the house, would also be the ones to teach religion
- Created their own writing
- Used pictograph script
- Carved in stone
- Some writings were made on the bottom of pottery before firing

Blogs

Week of Sept. 4th-9th

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