Week of Aug. 29-Sept. 2

Monday: Took Notes on Chapters 1 and 2

Tuesday: Took Notes on Chapters 1 and 2

Wednesday: Worked on our dynasty project

Thursday: Worked on our dynasty project

Friday: Started presentations on dynasty project

Notes:

What is World History
- History of the World
B.C. and A.D.?
- Before Christ and anno Domini (Latin for "in the year of our Lord")
B.C.E. and C.E.?
- Before Common Era and Common Era
How old is the Earth?
- 4.6 billion years old
Where were the oldest human fossils found?
- Africa-Specifically Tanzania and Ethiopia
Who found the oldest fossils?
- Louis and Mary Leakey, Donald Johanson, Recent Scientists (Name??)
What are some of the biggest achievements in World History?
- Invention of tools, mastery of fire, development of language, invention of wheels, invention of boats(the sail), art
Louis and Mary Leakey
- Searched for hominid remains in Tanzania from the 1930's-1970's
  - Hominid- the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes (modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans plus all their ancestors)
- Found human-like fossils in 1959 in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (in Africa)
- This discovery would usher many other findings over the decades
Donald Johanson
- Discovered a 3.2 million-year-old fossil of a female skeleton in Ethiopia named "Lucy" in 1974
- This was the oldest known hominid remains found until 2015
Neanderthal vs Cro-Magnon vs Modern
- Neanderthal are not apart of the human ancestors
- Cro-Magnon are our ancestors
Agricultural/Neolithic Revolution
- Prior to more organization agriculture, people were nomadic and hunted animals and gathered plants-hunter-gatherer
- They lived in groups of about 25-70 people
- No one knows exactly how things changed, but about 10,000 years ago, people started more organized farming
- Along with planting crops, people also domesticated animals such as horses, dogs, goats, and pigs
- As time went on, people started setting up villages, which then, over time, turned into towns and then some into cities
- As cities emerged, more complex ways of thinking and living emerged leading to civilization
  - Civilization- An advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached
    - A highly advanced society
  - The Five Traits of Civilization
    - Advanced cities
    - Writing/Record keeping
    - Specialized workers
    - Complex institutions (religion, government, economic structure)
    - Advanced technology
- As cities grew, social classes emerged

Chapter 2 Notes:

What are natural borders?
- Bodies of water, mountains, rivers
Why are defensible borders important for civilization to thrive?
- Less worry of attack from different angles
What are some natural boundaries that would be helpful to an early civilization?
- Rivers, oceans, lakes, deserts, and mountain ranges
Arose in 4 separate river valleys around 3500 B.C.
Fertile soil, mild climate, waterway for transportation, water for crops and drinking
Provided for abundant crops and food surpluses

Ch. 2.1 Vocab

Fertile Crescent
Mesopotamia
- Greek for "land between the rivers" first good civilization
City-state
- a city and the surrounding territory it controls
- functioned like an independent country
Dynasty
- A series of rulers from a single family-father to son
Cultural diffusion
- process in which ideas spread from one culture to another
Polytheism
- belief in many gods
Monotheism
- belief in only one god
Empire
- group of territories or nations ruled by a single ruler

Ch. 2.2 Vocab

Delta
- A broad, marshy area of land formed by deposits of silt where a river runs into a bigger body of water
King Narmer
- King of Egypt that many believe united Upper and Lower Egypt
Pharaoh
- The god-kings of Egypt -Seen as almost as powerful as the gods of the heavens
Theocracy
- Government headed by religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god
Pyramid
- Huge structure where the Egyptian pharaohs are placd after they die
Mummification
- The process of drying and embalming a corpse to prevent decay
- Usually reserved for royalty and the rich
Hieroglyphics
- Egyptian form of writing
Papyrus
- What Egyptians wrote on. Came from papyrus reeds found in marshy areas

Ch. 2.3 Vocab

Indian Subcontinent
- The landmass that includes Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh
Monsoon
- Seasonal winds that can bring dry air or heavy rain-huge impact on India

Ch. 2.4 Vocab

Dynastic cycle
- The rise, fall, and replacement of dynasties
Mandate from Heaven
- A just ruler that has approval from the gods
- An unjust ruler can lose their mandate to rule
Feudalism
- A political system in which the king gives land to nobles/lords and in returns, they vow loyalty and military service to the king
- Used in China, Japan, and Europe
- Feudal Society
  - King
  - Nobles and Lords
  - Knights
  - Peasants/Serfs

Presentation Notes:

Ancient Egypt

Political
- Depended in 2 important factors
  - Pharaohs and agriculture
- Pharaoh
  - Appointed other officials
  - Highest officials took orders directly from the king
- Agriculture
  - Foundation of Egyptian government
- Famous King
  - Narmer
    - 1st Dynasty
    - United upper and lower Egypt
  - Snefru
    - 4th dynasty
    - Built first true pyramid
Economic
- Agriculture
  - Wheat
  - Barley
  - Flax
- No money system bartered
- Debens, 90 grams of metal
- Crafts
  - Jewlry
  - Perfume
  - Pottery
  - Baskets
  - Rope
- Major Exports
  - Gold
  - Wheat
  - Barley
  - Papyrus sheets
- Major Imports
  - Metals
  - Lapis Lazuli
  - Horses/Cattle
- Jobs
  - Scribes/Official jobs
  - Farming
  - Craftsman
  - Merchants/Traders
- Social Classes
  - Pharaoh
  - Nobility
  - Priest and Physicians
  - Artist/Craftsman
  - Farmers
  - Slaves
Geography
- Considered Egypt the "gift of the Nile"
- 'Black Land'
  - Only land they could farm on
  - Rich layer of silt
- 'Red land'
  - Barren desert
  - Protected Egypt on both sides
  - Provided with precious metal
Social
- Religion
  - Based on gods and goddesses and their powers
  - When there was lower and upper Egypt both kingdoms had their own religions When they became one of many of the religious beliefs and cultures were combined
  - Believed that all the forces of nature could be identified as children of a creator god
- Education
  - Mostly boys from wealthy families started at age 7
  - Boys were taught to read, write, and some math
  - Some girls did go to school
  - Girls normally learned household responsibilities
  - Majority did not receive and education
  - All royal children were given the same education
    - Reading, writing, math, Hieroglyphics, history, geometry, geography
- Art
  - Was created to show the king as a pharaoh
  - Represented man, nature, and the environment
  - The art was either on the walls or carved in relief
    - carved way from the slate background
  - Types
    - Pyramids/tombs/temples
    - Sculpture/Staturias
    - Relief sculpture and painting
- Entertainment
  - Board games- dice were a typical component
  - Athletic games
    - wrestling, javelin throw, hockey, and tug of war
  - Danced and sang in the Nile
- Gender Roles
  - Women
    - Bore and raised children
    - Responsible for familiar and domestic relationships
    - Tend to husbands
    - Domesticated
  - Men
    - Taught sons how to do the family trade
    - Responsible for artistic work
    - Seen as leaders of society
Advances
- Ships
- Geometry
- Hieroglyphics
- Papyrus
- Ink
- Solar Calender

Blogs

Week of Aug. 29-Sept. 2

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