Semester Test Blog (notes...)
7. Students will understand the causes and effects of the Great Depression.
1.) The stock market crashed--no one had any money, banks and businesses closed down which led to people losing money and jobs...farms closed down. people weren't buying anything.
2.) Bank Failures-people lost everything.
3.) Laisseze Faire during the 1920s-the government wasn't involved.
4.) High Tariffs-other countries aren't buying our goods so it was hurting businesses. It took away foreign trade.
5.) Drought Conditions-The Dust Bowl, crops weren't growing so people were selling their farms...
6.) Overproduction-companies were making too much and weren't making any money themselves.
1. Students will understand the impact the Great Depression and New Deal had on the US.
*Depression in the cities: No one was making money, businesses were failing, people were out in the streets....people were trying to live off "victory gardens"...people had to build "hoovervilles"--card board box houses, covers of newspapers. Because people didn't have a lot of money, they would stand in bread lines..it was the men's job to bring home the food....Hoboes (highschool dropouts) hopped on freight trains to go to the next city to find jobs. Many people would sell apples to earn a few pennies an apple.
*Depression in the rural areas: farmers could atleast grow their own food unlike city people. But the farmers couldn't sell their crops as easily...the farmers helped each other out ...about 400,000 farms were lost due to foreclosures. Farmers were overproducing during WWI...
The New Deal provided jobs for people who were unemployed and were in financial trouble...
2. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of WWII.
- WWII had started from the Treaty of Versailles: (was the cause of everything to come leading up to WWII) it was the official treaty that ended WWI...Woodrow Wilson was the U.S. president at the time..Germany and the Soviet Union wanted to get land back when it was divided up helping the cause of WWII...Hitler thought that anyone who spoke the German language should live in Germany...
Treaty of Versailes: Germany lost--Alsace-Lorraine (given to France); Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium); Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark); Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia); West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia (given to Poland); The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in German or not in a future referendum...
*Military Consequences: Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
-Germany was not allowed and airforce
-Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
-The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years....
Financial Consequences of the Treaty of Versailles
-Germany had to pay $33 billion--Allies wanted to bankrupt them
-Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate
-The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy. Coal grom the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss---depression--(territorial loss)
General:
-Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231-the infamous "War Guilt Clause"
-Germany, as it was responsible for strating the war as stated in clause 231, was therefor responsible for all the war damage caused by WWI. Therefore, they had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to opay for the damage done to both countries by the war. The figure was eventually put at $33 billion.
-A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
League of Nations:
-a world wide peace keeping organization--goal was to keep world peace
-weaknesses: The United States never joined it--Woodrow Wilson wanted to get in the League of Nations but Congress thought we would end up being in war with other countries like Europe--Congress refused to ratify that; required a unanimous vote to get things passed
-The League of Nations had no military force to help struggling forces in a war --they really couldn't do anything--they could condemn the actions and they would do economic sanctions (don't trade with other countries)--Italy, Germany, and France were part of the League of Nations---this made the League of Nations became very weak and was a failure.
GERMANY
-Type of Government: Germany had a parliamentary republic government during the interwar years--Germany had Wimer Republic government which was a democracy in Germany; --they were struggling..President (Chancler) Hindenburg appointed Hitler as the leader of Germany--Hitler gets rid of the democracy immediately to make himself "dafewer" (leader)..
-How did Hitler change the country when they went into WWII: Germany was facing depression and Hitler promised the country that he would give people jobs..
-Goals: Germany took over Austria and Czecholslavakia before the war started since they had German people in them (undo the Treaty of Versailes; Lebensraum (Living Space) for the Russion people; wanted to create an Arian race
Blitzquerade-rapid attack used on Japan
-After WWII, Germany was split into two countries
-Military Strategies during the interwar years:
-
ITALY:
-Goals: Fashism (government that has all power)--expansion:::: make Italy strong
Military-was very important..built up the army to make it strong so that they could dominate land and sea
-Role in WWII: Hitler helped Muscillini --both tried to help Spain...there was a lot of fighting in Italy (very bloody and long)
-How WWII impacted Italy: they hung and killed Muscillini to set up a democratic government
SOVIET UNION:
-Treaty of Versailes impact on Russia: didn't impact them too much; after WWII they annexed the Ukraine and another country...the Soviet Union ended up losing land when they signed the Breslafof Treaty giving up land to Russia...
-Government--prior to having communism they had czars like the Romanaughs..
-Joseph Stalin became leader and later became a dictator--was trying to tell farmers how to farm, etc.
--Vladimir Lenin planned to have a utopian society (previous leader)
-Stalin started the processes, "Nationalization-idustry" and "Collectivization-when the Soviet Union took over farms"...during the process of taking over businesses, more people died...
-Bad/Good things that Stalin did: ***he was building tanks and guns for the Cold War so millions of people died because of so much labor... he killed political opponents that he didn't trust and farmers that fought back; invaded Poland which helped in starting WWII; he started the 5 year plan
Military Strategy of Stalin: 'red' army; at first they were offensive and then fought other countries--Stalin was not ready for the "Red" army; as the Soviets fell back, they burned everything (bridges, railroad tracks, fields,) so that Germany was unable to use those things.
-Role in WWII: At first the Soviet Union was allies with Germany...Then, they invaded Poland and the 'red' army invaded it too...that made Germany want to invade the Soviet Union. We were allies so we could take over Hitler
-Impact of WWII: there were high casualties (highest in the war)..their country was absolutely demolished after the war..
*WWII had started from the Treaty of Versailles: (was the cause of everything to come leading up to WWII) it was the official treaty that ended WWI...Woodrow Wilson was the U.S. president at the time..Germany and the Soviet Union wanted to get land back when it was divided up helping the cause of WWII...Hitler thought that anyone who spoke the German language should live in Germany...
Treaty of Versailes: Germany lost--Alsace-Lorraine (given to France); Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium); Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark); Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia); West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia (given to Poland); The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in German or not in a future referendum...
*Military Consequences: Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
-Germany was not allowed and airforce
-Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
-The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River Rhine was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years....
Financial Consequences of the Treaty of Versailles
-Germany had to pay $33 billion--Allies wanted to bankrupt them
-Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate
-The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy. Coal grom the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss---depression--(territorial loss)
General:
-Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231-the infamous "War Guilt Clause"
-Germany, as it was responsible for strating the war as stated in clause 231, was therefor responsible for all the war damage caused by WWI. Therefore, they had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to opay for the damage done to both countries by the war. The figure was eventually put at $33 billion.
-A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
League of Nations:
-a world wide peace keeping organization--goal was to keep world peace
-weaknesses: The United States never joined it--Woodrow Wilson wanted to get in the League of Nations but Congress thought we would end up being in war with other countries like Europe--Congress refused to ratify that; required a unanimous vote to get things passed
-The League of Nations had no military force to help struggling forces in a war --they really couldn't do anything--they could condemn the actions and they would do economic sanctions (don't trade with other countries)--Italy, Germany, and France were part of the League of Nations---this made the League of Nations became very weak and was a failure.
GERMANY
-Type of Government: Germany had a parliamentary republic government during the interwar years--Germany had Wimer Republic government which was a democracy in Germany; --they were struggling..President (Chancler) Hindenburg appointed Hitler as the leader of Germany--Hitler gets rid of the democracy immediately to make himself "dafewer" (leader)..
-How did Hitler change the country when they went into WWII: Germany was facing depression and Hitler promised the country that he would give people jobs..
-Goals: Germany took over Austria and Czecholslavakia before the war started since they had German people in them (undo the Treaty of Versailes; Lebensraum (Living Space) for the Russion people; wanted to create an Arian race
3. Students will understand how/why the Allies won WWII.
--the women were the ones who made our weapons..so we had more weapons than other countries.
--Henry Kaiser (owner of a ship building company)--by the end of the war, we were making more ships and everything else (war goods) than any of the other countries combined...
--Hollywood in WWII: Looney Tunes, Walt Disney movies--they made propaganda films and helped to get people to buy war bonds and boost moral...--Bob Hope (comedian); made movies and comedy shows--USO tour (the US tried to get as many comedians and singers to go and entertain sodiers in Korea and other places to give soldiers some time off and give them something to look forward to and enjoy.)--John Wayne did a lot of WWII movies as well as westerns; he was one of the bigger actors and really got his name during WWII...
--"Kilroy was here" was a man who worked on the docks and would put that phrase on ships (JJ Kilroy) so it became very popular and famous.
--We knew what our enemies were doing but they didn't know what we were doing...the ULTRA and MAGIC secrets..Bombe is a machine that is what broke the codes---and because of Navajo Code Talkers
4. Students will understand the causes, effects and major events of the Cold War.
Definitions... (1947- 1991)
- Policy of Containment: It was a policy out of the US using economic and military strategy to slow the spread of communism.
- The policy was created after the Soviet Union tried to spread communism into Western Europe, Vietnam, China, Korea, Afghanistan, and others
- The policy was also there so the US could have a better influence on other countries
- It was also a way to make America's security for secure and to better it
- In doing this it helped reduce the chances of the "domino effect"Cold War: was all about Democracy and Communism..a free world and a controlled world
- Domino Effect: in simple terms if someone starts a bad habit, so to say they knock it down..
- Was promoted by the US between 1950 and 1980
- It showed that smaller countries involved in communism would influence other countries around it into communism ...this isn't a good thing
- Led to our policy of containment
- Iron Curtain Speech: Spoke by WInston Churchill in 1946
- The Iron Curtain was describing the differences and separation between the areas controlled by the Soviet Union and the Western Powers
- The "Curtain" was there from the end of WWII in 1945 and the end of the Cold War 1989
- Because of the Iron Curtain the states of both side began doing their own thing
- coming up with international military and economic alliances
- The "Curtain" was there from the end of WWII in 1945 and the end of the Cold War 1989
- Marshall Plan: was a plan made during George Marshall's speech in 1947
- was a plan to make a difference in the economy between 1947-1951
- It was originally made to help European conutries and make the economy stronger
- Later it was offered to the Soviet Union but they wouldn't accept it
- Was supposed to ensure that European countries wouldn't turn communist
- Also called the ERP European Recovery Program
- Truman Doctrine: Policy set by Harry Truman in his 1947 speech.
- The speech was agreeing to support Turkey and Greece against the struggle from the Soviet Union.
- They would help with military and economic aide to precent them into the problems the Soviet Union was trying to pull them into.
House Committee On Un-American Activities (HUAC)
- Was an Anti-communist investigative commiettee in the US house of representatives
- First chairman-Martin dies
- Richard Nixon was an active member
- Investigated public employees, private citizens, and organizations suspected of having communist ties
- Went to Hollywood in 1947: promoting communsit through propaganda in movies..9 days of hearings
- Hollywood 10 refused to answer questions about their beliefs--using the First ammendment
- They were charged for contempt of congress....
- ....
Joe Mcarthy
- Macarthyism-accuse people without any real evidence
- McCarthyism was named afer Joe McCarthy
- Is the pratice of making accusations of disloyalty/treason
- It happened in the second red scare of the US
- Happened after WWII
- They put McCarthysim on commericials and posters, if you looked suspicious you were accused of being communist
- Joe McCarthy was always accusing people of being communist, he finally got turned away from the senate because he had no evidence that these people were communist
- Joe was always afraid of communists taking over the US
- Didnt want communists in the state departement
- His downfall was going after the military and he was saying they were communist when they were really heroes..
-He went into drinking he drank a lot! Alcoholism took him over..
China Becomine Communism-Mao
Causes of the Cold War
- America had a democracy and the Soviet Union was communist..Americans feared a communist attack..Both countries feared the other's government
- Democracy-freedom..people have the power
- Communism-government controls everything and there's no freedom
- Truman vs. Stalin:
- were allies during the war
- argued about power
- broke ties at the end of the war
- D-day delay
- Refused to join the United Nations
- 3 Power disagreement
- Stalin wanted an agreement from Germany that they wouldn't attack
- US wanted to help build Germany back up after the war
- US and Germany wanted to stop Communist control...didn't want it to spread any further
NATO, de-Stalinization, and Peaceful and Co-existence
- NATO
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization
- aka North Atlantic Alliance
- Governmental military alliance
- Based on the North Atlantic Treaty
- Started in 1949
- North Atlantic Treaty signed on April 4, 1949
- Signed by the US, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark, etc.
- It's a defensive alliance---countries working together to stop communism
- First NATO Secretary was General was Lord Ismay
- Lord Ismay stated that the goal of NATO was to:
- "Keep the Russians out, and the Americans in, and the Germans down."
- NATO in the Cold War
- Communist countries were expected to be working together during the Korean War.
- Operation Mainbrace in 1952
- NATO Today
- Purpose: to protect the freedom of all the members
- Political Influence and Military capacity
- 28 member countries:
- US, UK, Albania, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, etc.
- De-Stalinization
- Nikita Kruschev began the process
- Process of eliminating the Stalinistic government and Gulag labor camp
- Large numbers were released from the Gulag labor camp.
- Ended forced labor in the country
- Peaceful Co-Existence
- Theory developed by the Soviet Union
- Stated that they could peacefully coexist with non-communist countries, especially those involved with NATO
- Used at different points in the war
- Communist states adopted the foreign policy
- Mutal Respect for each other's territory
- Non-agression
- No interference in each other's internal affairs...
The Nuclear Arms Race 1945-1970
- Introduction
- Competition between the US and Soviet Union
- During Cold War
- More weapons=more power
- US and Soviet Union heavily built up stockpiles of nuclear weapons
- Other countries developed bombs also
- Did not produce nearly as much
- WWWIi
- Manhattan Project created first nuclear weapon
- Soviet Union was not informed until Potsdam Conference on JUly 24, 1945
- Americans distrusted Soviets
- Klaus Fuchs--German scientist/atomci spat at Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Gave nuclear info to USSR after WWII
- ...
- August 1945
- Atomic bombs dropped on two Japanese cities
- First: Hiroshima
- Second: Nagasaki
- ...
- Cold War
- Soviets began working on their own weapons
- Americans predicted USSR's weapons wouldn't be ready until mid-1950's
- First Soviet bomb dropped on August 29, 1949
- Known as "joe One"
- Both began working on hydrogen bombs
- smaller in size but 2500 times more powerful
- ...
- ICBMs
- Intercontinental ballistic missiles or rockets
- most important development in terms of delivery
- missiles were thought to be more effective thatn strategic bombers
- also cheaper, faster and more diffucult to destroy
- US employed German scientist who had developed the V2 Rocket in WWII
- Development
- Biggest problem was accuracy
- Further distances traveled=less accuracy
- US needed missiles to travel long distances
- ICBMs were lighter and smaller
- By 1967, US had developed Atlas missile
- Minuteman
- Atlas took over an hourt to prepare
- By end of the 1950's the Minuteman was produced
- ...
- Space Race
- On OCtober 4, 1057, the SUSR launched their first milssile/sattelite called the Sputnik
- Showed the had missiles able to reach any part of the world
- US launched own satellite two years later
- When USSR launched Sputnik, America built DEW line around the Arctic-Defense and Early Warning System
- If Russia attacked with missiles, twenty million Americans would die
- There were enough bombs to destroy world by 1961
- Polaris
- Subarmarine that the US developed
- Could carry nuclear weapons
- Subs could move closer to USSR
- Accuracy increased
- Could carry 16 nuclear missiles
- One Polaris sub carried more power than bombs during WWII
- Defense
- 1950's saw first attempts to defend agaisnt nuclear weapons
- The US and USSR built large radar systems to detect bombers and missiles
- Fighter and anti-ballistic missile wer also developed
- Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterreence %0
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