Monday: Forum Post leaders presented their topics Took notes over Chapter 9-4

Tuesday: Took notes

Wednesday: Took notes

Thursday: Took notes

Friday: Had no class due to bad weather

NOTES:

Chapter 9-4

• William Howard Taft
  • Good
    • Trusts- Trustbusters
    • Our Nation as a whole
      • Stayed stable never moved forward
    • Was all for progressivism
  • Bad
    • Made poor decisions 
    • Consolidated not expanded
    • Angered conservationists
• 16th Amendment
  • The congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration
  • Established income tax
• Payne-Aldrich Tariff
  • Payne= lower rates (House)
  • Aldrich= increased rates (Senate)
  • Tariffs
    • Tax and imports
    • Why have high tariffs?
      • So that the Americans can make more money since foreign competition out
• Policy for African Americans
  • If they were able to vote, they would vote Republican]
    • Because they ended slavery and helped them a lot
    • It was a way of thanking them
  • Taft
    • Didn't do much to get the African Americans to vote for him they just did since he was Republican
    • Didn't have to
    • Progressives didn't do much to help African Americans
• Land Disputes
  • Richard Ballinger (Secretary of Interior)
    • Put  one million acres of land to the government
      • Conservationists weren't very happy
• Break up of Republican Party
  • Progressives vs. Conservatives
  • Joseph Cannon (Uncle Joe)
    • Very conservative (Speaker of the House)
    • Tried to weaken or ignore the progressive bills
    • Progressives told the house to re-elect a committee
      • They hated him
  • Hand to break up
  • Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)
    • Formed from Roosevelt running for president
    • Tries to sway the the Taft delegates
    • Tries to get Republican party
    • Didn't get the Republican party so he runs for the Bull Moose Party
  • Taft broke up more trusts than Roosevelt
  • 1912 Election
    • Woodrow Wilson won
    • New Freedom
      • Demanded stronger antitrust laws
    • Taft vs. Roosevelt vs. Wilson vs. Debs
      • Different options
        • Wilson offered new freedom
        • Roosevelt offered Progressivism
        •  Taft offered Conservationism
• Republican Party Split
  • Due to these problems with Taft, the Republicans split into old-guard republicans and progressive republicans
  • TR did not get the Republican nomination so he decided to run as a third party condidate in the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
  • Why would this split guarantee a democrat win?
    • The republicans votes for Taft is they were conservatives and RS is the were Progressives and 100% of democrats would vote for Woodrow
• Progressives fought against
  • Low tariffs
  • Fight back against railroad rates
  • Trustbusters give small businesses a chance
  • Workmens compensation
  • 16th 17th 18th 19th amendments
  • Child Labor Laws
• Bull Moose Platform
  • Direct Election of Senators
  • Initiative, Referendum, Recall in all states
  • Woman Suffrage
  • Worker's Compensation
  • 8 hour workday
  • Minimum wage for women
  • Federal laws against Child labor

Chapter 9-5

• New Freedom 
  • Was full of progressive measures
• Wilson's Background
  • Grew up in the SOuth after the Civil War and REconstruction
  • Son, Grandson and Nephew of Presbyterian Ministers-strict upbringing
  • Before entering politics Wilson worked as 
    • Lawyer
    • History Professor
    • President of Princeton University
    • Governor of N.J.
• Wilson's Accomplishments
  • Passed Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)
    • Could break up monopolies
    • Labor Unions were given the right to exist
    • Strikes, boycotts, picketing etc. became legal
  • Federal Trade Commision was established in 1914
    • Investigated companies for monopolistic practices
  • Federal Reserve System
    • America needed stronger banks
    • Federal Reserve Act of 1913
    • Divided the nation into 12 districts-> regional central bank in each district
    • "Banker Bank"
    • Federal Reserve banks could issue new paper money in emergency situations
    • Also, helped with making out loan $$
    •  Banks within the system helped other s from closing due to 
    • Controls the U.S. money supply and the availability of credit in the country
    • One of President WIlson's most enduring achievements
    • We use this same system today as the basis of the nation's banking system
    • Can raise and lower interest rates
  • 17th 18th 19th Amendments were passed during his term
    • Direct election of senators 1913
    • Prohibition 1919
    • Women's Vote 1920
    • Let us during Mexican Crisis and WWI
    • Developed Missionary Diplomacy
    • African Americans were for the most part ignored by TR, Taft, Wilson and the Progressive Movement
    • Ilson reinstate segregation
  • The Twilight of Progressivism

Chapter 10

• Domestic Policy vs. Foreign Policy
  • Diplomacy
    • Old Diplomacy has the used to deal with other countries around the world up to the 1900
      • Non Interventionist
        • The U.S. did not intervene in foreign affairs, especially Europe's
      • Isolationist
        • The U.S. acted alone in foreign affairs as compared to working with other nations
        • Oceans made isolation possible
      • Passive and reactive
        • The U.S. waited for events to occur and then acted accordingly
      • Weak army and navy
    • New Diplomacy
      • Imperialistic
  • Imperialism
  • Militarism
  • Nationalism
  • Sphere of influence
  • Protectorate
    • Where one country is being protected and controlled by another country
  • Arbitration

Monday: The forum post leaders gave their spiel on the topics that they posted about. Took notes on Chapter 9-3 

Tuesday: Wasn't In class

Wednesday: Wasn't In class

Thursday: No school

Friday: No school

Notes:

Chapter 9-3

• Teddy Roosevelt
  • Born in New York in 1858
    • Very wealthy family
  • Suffered from asthma
  • Marksmanship/Horseback riding/boxing/wrestling
  • Police commissioner and assistant secretary of U.S. Navy
  • Went to Harvard
    • Boxed and wrestled there
  • Commissioner of the New Your City Police from 1895-1897
  • Owned and ran a ranch in the Dakota Territory
  • Wrote many books
  • Wasn't supposed to be president
    • Was Vice President then McKinley died
  • Became youngest president at age 42 in 1901
    • Served from 1901-105
  • Used the "bully pulpit" to influence media and help pass laws
  • TR was the "trustbuster"
    
    • "good trusts" vs. "bad trusts"
• • Square Deal
    • Big businesses victimized workers
    • Used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration
    • 3 C's- Conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumers protections
  • 1902 Coal Strike
    • 140,000 coal miners went on strike 
    • Wanted 20% raises, 9 hour workdays, and a union 
    • Mine operators refused to bargain
    • Roosevelt called them to the White House
    • Miners got what they wanted
    • Gave up their right to strike for 3 years
    • Strikes had to be intervened with government
      • every time there was a strike they went and conversed with the government then the problem would be resolved
  • Railroad Regulation'
    • Interstate Commerce Act- 1887
    • Interstate Commerce Commission-enfolittle power
    • Elkins Act- 1903
    • Illegal for railroads officials to give and shippers to receive rebates
    • Couldn't change set rates
    • Hepburn Act 1906
    • Limited distribution of free railroad passes (bribery)
    • Gave ICC poorer to set max rates
    • Boosted government power to regulate railroads
  • Pure Food and Drug Act
    • Manufacturers Claim Curing
    • Children's Medicine: Opium, Cocaine, Alcohol
    • Dr. Harvey Washington Wiley, Criticized, Harmful Products
    • 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
    • Stronger Sales, Canceled Ban, Excessive Labels
  • Meat Inspection Act-1906 
  • Conservation and Natural Resources
    • Government did not pay attention, cut down trees (45 million acres)
    • Government Stood by the private investigators
    • 19th Century, Americans Exploited Natural Environment
    • Pioneer Farmers vs. Forest
    • Coal Companies Cluttered Land
    • Lumber Companies Ignore Affects, No replanting
    • Cities Dumped waste
  • Conservation Measures
    • Teddy Roosevelt Condemned views of America, Primary Concern
    • John Muir persuaded Roosevelt, 148 millions acres of forest under protection
    • Roosevelt made 1.5 million acres of water-power sites
    • Nation Reclamation Act (a.k.a. Newlands Act) built the Roosevelt Dam
  • Civil Rights of Roosevelt
    • Appointed African American to run Charleston, South Carolina (didn't do much to help African Americans)
    • 1906, Roosevelt Angered African Americans
    • NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
      • Conspiracy in protecting others
      • 6 thousand members aimed for rights
      • Presidents + Not Caring = Racial Inequality

Monday: We had Forum Post Leaders discuss than topics. We started Chapter 9-1 presentation and took notes.

Tuesday: Mr. Bruns was gone so we watch a movie "The men Who Made America"

Wednesday: Took notes on Mr. Bruns presentation on 9-1

Thursday: Finished taking notes on 9-1 started 9-2

Friday:

Notes:

Chapter 9-1

• Four Goals of Progressivism
  • Protecting Social Welfare
    • The Social Gospel and settlement house
      • Homeless Shelter gave them meals, clothes, and places to stay
      • Jane Adams
      • Sponsored education classes
      • Opened swimming pools
      • Opened libraries
      • Slum brigades- teach immigrants
    • Aimed to help poor through community enters, churches, and social services
    • Late 1800's and continued to progressive era
    • Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA)
    • Florence Kelley- advocate for women and children's lives
  • Promoting Moral Improvement
    • Some people felt morality held the key to improving lives of people
    • Carrie Nation
      • Went into bars and starting breaking alcohol
    • Prohibition- the banning of alcoholic beverages was one major program to improve moral improvement
      • Beating of women
      • Men came to work drunk
    • Cleveland, 1874 Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
    • Women's Suffrage
    • What the women did
      • Enter saloons and protested
      • Would sing and pray in the bars
      • Urged bartenders to quit selling liquor
  • Creating Economic Reform
    • Major unbalance in income and how people lived
    • Many turned to "socialism"
    • Moral reformers sought to change individual behavior
    • Panic of 1893 cause Americans to question economic system 
    • Factory workers embrace socialism
    • Large business received special treatment for government
    • Muckrakers-people who wrote about the corrupt side of business
      • Brought a lot of economic reform
      • Played a big role in bringing reform
      • Investigative journalists
      • Exposed the problems of society
      • Upton Sinclair- The Jungle-meatpacking
      • Ida Tarbell- Exposed the ruthless methods of the Standard Oil Company
      • Lincoln Steffens-exposed corruption in government
    • Capitalism is what U.S. has
      • Socialism has "bad" connotation  
    • Regulation of business (Sherman Act)
    • Child labor laws
    • Women and men working hours reduced
    • Workmen's compensation
  • Fostering Efficiency
    • Progressive leaders put faith in experts and scientific principles to make society more efficient
    • Long days, low pay
    • 1914, Henry Ford, 8 hours. $5 dollars (a day)
    • Efficiency brings prices down 
      • Led to staying of workers
      • Less training new workers
    • Scientific management to increase efficiency was used in factories 
    • Frederick Taylor- Time Management studies
    • Assembly line
    • Henry Ford paid workers $5 a day!!
    • Progressives also worked for better efficiency in all levels of government
• Capitalism
  • Economic System
  • The means of production are privately owned 
  • People own and control business'
  • Chance to go from poor to rich
  • Laissez-Faire
    • Hands off
• Socialism
  • Social or Economic system
  • Property and distribution of wealth are determined by the Government
  • Government owns and controls business'
  • Elimination of private property, everyone is equal
  • Karl Marx
    • Leading figure
    • Father of Communism
• Reforming Local Government
  • Natural disasters
  • Tidal wave, hurricane- Galveston, Texas
  • Texas appointed a team of 5 experts
  • Each expert took charge of different city department
  • By 1917, 500 cities had adopted
  • Progressives worked hard to get rid of Political Machines
• Reform at the State Level
  • Smaller local reforms join progressive efforts at the state level
  • States passed laws to regulate railroads, mines, mills, phone companies, etc...
    • To make sure laws passed to help benefit the middle and low classes (fair prices)
  • Progressive Presidents work to get ride of corruption and bad people
• Reform Mayors
  • Hazen Pingree- Detroit Michigan
  • Tom John son- Cleveland, Ohio
  • All worked for more fair tax structures
  • Lowered fare on public transportation
  • Building schools, parks, public buildings
• Reform Governors
  • Robert M. Follette
  • Governor of Wisconsin (Most famous) Became Senator
  • Attempted to put railroads out of business
  • Tried to take out bigger businesses and put to the power in smaller ones
• Protecting Working Children
  • Had them working unskilled jobs
  •  This children were in poverty
  • Had stunted growth
  • Child Labor Committee 1904 investigators would go look at the working conditions
  • Liked kids to work
    • Cheaper pay
    • Small hands for parts and mechanics
• Efforts to Limit Working Hours
  • In Oregon would worked 8 hours men worked 10
  • Tried to uphold 10 hour work days
    • Bunting Vs. Oregon
  • Compensation given to those would are Hurt or Killed
    • Called Workmen's Compensation
• Reforming Elections
  • Initiative a bill originated by the people on the ballot
    • Makes them vote on a bill (by signatures)
  • Secret ballot or Australian ballot
    • So people can't know who you vote for
  • Referendum gave citizens the power to create laws 
    • Give people more power (stripping it away from just the rich white man)
  • Direct Primary
  • Initiative- a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers
  • Referendum- when voters accept or reject the initiative (bill)
  • Recall- enabled voters to remove public officials from elected positions
  • 17th an 19th Amendments
    • What did these seven aim at doing????
• Direct Election of Senators
  • Seventeenth Amendment
  • 1913
  • Each legislator elected two senators
  • Voters elected senators
    • Gave everyone the power to vote for senators
  • Direct election
    • The people directly elect the Senators
  • Who are our senators
    • Charles (Chuck) Grassley-Republican
    • Joni Ernst- Republican
  • Representative
    • Steve King

Section 9-2

Women in the Work Force

• Susette La Flesche
  • In 1879 A young Omaha woman traveled east to translate into English the sad words of Chief Standing Bear
  • 1887-Testified, won citizenship rights
• Farm Women
  • Devote their time to care for their homes and families
  • 19th century middle class and upper cass women could afford to stay home 
  • Cooking, making clothes, and laundry
  • Out West- Raising livestock, help plow and plant in the fields and harvest the crops
• Women in the Industry
  • Better paying opportunities became available
  • 1 out of 5 American women held jobs
  • 25% manufacturing
  • Garment Trade
  • Women High School graduates outnumber men
• Domestic Workers
  • Cleaning for other families
  • 2 million African American Women were freed from slavery
  • Poverty quickly drove nearly half of the women into the workforce
  • Worked on farms
  • Cooks, laundresses, scrub-women, and maids
  • 70% employed in 1870 were servants

Women lead Reform

• Many women publicly active in the later years of the 19th century attended college
• Vassar College was a women's college established in 1865, followed by Smith and Wellsley colleges in 1875
• By the later 1800's, women didn't have to depend as much on having a husband, because marriage was not their only alternative now that they had the opportunity to have their own education, thus the started
• Women and Reform
  • Laborers start to reform workplace health and safety
  • Many educated woman joined the reform groups, because they couldn't vote or run for office they aimed their reform at improving home and work lives for women
  • "Social Housekeeping" targets workplace/housing reform, educational improvement, food and drug laws, etc..
• NACW(National Association of Colored Women)- was founded in 1896, the mission of the association was the moral education of black women, These women managed nurseries, kindergartens, etc.
• NAWSA (National American Women's Suffrage) A group founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1869 united with another to become the NAWSA
• 3 Part Strategy For Suffrage
  • First
    • Tired convincing state legislature to grant women the right to vote
  • Second
    • Women pursued court cases to test the 14th Amendment... aren't women citizens too?
  • Third
    • Women pushed for a national Constitutional Amendment to grant women the voting right
• The Push For Equality
  • 1848- Seneca Falls Declaration: Plea for the end of discrimination against women in all spheres of society, including the right to vote
  • Women in the mid-late 1800's and early 1900's push for found things
    • Abolition of slavery (13th Amendment-1865)
    • Temperance (18th Amendment- 1920)
    • Women;s Suffrage(19th Amendment-1920)
    • Child Labor Laws
• Jeannette Rankin
  • Worked to win suffrage in Washington State
  • Was elected the first Women in Congress in 1916
  • Voted against war in WWl and WWll(only vote)

Section 9-3

Monday: ABSENT

Tuesday: We continued presenting Family Presentations.

Wednesday: We continued presenting Family Presentations.

Thursday: We went over the test, and finished the last Family Presentation.

Monday: Slight review game of Chapters Test tomorrow. Had a work day on our Family Genealogy Project.

Tuesday: Took Chapters Test 7-8

Wednesday: Students started to present the Family projects

Thursday: Continued on with Family Projects

Friday: NO SCHOOL

Monday: Worked on family genealogy presentations

Tuesday: Talk about the presidents during the late 1800's and early 1900's

Wednesday: Took notes over Chapter Questions

Thursday: Took notes over Chapter Questions

Friday: Work day on our family genealogy projects

Key Questions

Pendleton Civil Service Act- 1883

*Required most government jobs to be given through a merit system based on test scores

*1883: 14,000/117,000 government jobs required tests

*1900: 100,000/200,000 government jobs required tests

*Leon Czolgosz killed president McKinley, he was an anarchist

*Buffalo, New York at the World's Fair

*September 6,1901

*Eight days later, McKinley died from infection

Ch. 8.1:

What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?

*Skyscrapers

*Flatiron Building- 1902

*Electric streetcars

*Subways- 1904

*Cash register-1879

*Automatic dishwasher-1889

*Vacuum cleaner-1899

*Airplane-1903

*Kodak Camera-1888

*Automobile- late 1800's

*Light Bulb- 1879

*Telephone- 1876

*Typewriter- 1867

*Radio- 1895

*Toilet paper- 1857

Ch. 8.2:

-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?

*Education was for the wealthy

*Most states had public schools by 1865

*But many school-aged children still received no formal education-worked in factories instead

*Between 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school

*Classes focused on the "3 R's" - reading, "riting", & "rithmetic"

*Memorization and recitation was very common

*Why did "the lecture" become a common strategy for teachers?

How is our school system set up like a factory during the Industrial Revolution?

*The bells

*Assembly line

*Students are tested and if they pass, move to the next part of the assembly line

*Schools were/are "one size fits all" and prepared students to work in factories upon finishing school 

Religion in Schools

*Public schools had mandatory readings from the Protestant Bible

*Many Catholic families were concerned

*Catholic communities set up parochial schools to give their children a Catholic Education

*Parochial School: a school supported by a church parish

Higher Education

*From 1880-1920, college enrollments quadrupled

*High School diploma and entrance exams were used in admittance purposes

*Morrill Act-1862

*Iowa State- 1858

*Drake-1881

*Iowa- 1847

*UNI- 1876

Ch. 8.3:

What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?

*African Americans were mostly exclude from public schools or had to attend segregated schools

*In 1910, 3% of African Americans between the ages 15-19 attended H.S.

*Immigrants were encouraged to go to school

*Most European immigrant families sent their children to the free public schools

*Children learned English and became "Americanized" 

Segregation

*Literacy test

*Before you could vote, you had to prove that you could read or write, most blacks couldn't read or write, some poor, white people

*Poll tax

*Pay a little bit of money before you could vote, kept blacks from voting usually because they were poor, also poor, white people

*Grandfather Clause (1-1-1867)

*If your grandfather could vote prior to that day, you could vote in elections

*Jim Crow laws

*Segregation laws, specific laws states would pass
Lynching and violence

*KKK, threats, hangings- kept the blacks from voting

Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.

*"Separate but Equal"

*Separate and unequal in reality

*According to the Supreme Court, you could have segregation as long as they were equal. In reality, nothing was equal for the African Americans

Ch. 8.4:

Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

*Amusement Parks

*Circus

*Vaudeville Shows

*Singing, dancing, ventriloquist shows

*Minstrel Shows

*Black face, over emphasize black characteristics

*Parks (Central Park)

Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.

*Basketball

*Golf

*Boxing

*Biking

*Tennis

*Movies. First movie in 1903 "The Great Train Robbery"

*World Fairs

Monday: Discussed the extra credit opportunity about the Civil War veteran of Iowa at 10 Saturday morning. Mr. Bruns presented to us ways to improve out presentations. Were told about incoming project. Either a chapter section of family genealogy presentation. 

Tuesday: Mr. Bruns presented to us while we took notes.

Wednesday: Took notes on presentation

Thursday: Took notes on the presentation

Friday: Took notes on the presentation

Key Questions:

Ch. 7.1:

Why did immigrants come to the US?

*Came for jobs and sometimes to reunite with family

*Famine

*Land Shortages

*Religious political persecution

*In debt or in trouble

*More opportunities-$$-The American Dream

*Farming (Homestead Act), mining, working on the railroad, cattle ranching, factory work

*Reunite with family

Where did immigrants come from?

*Germany

*Italy

*Great Britain

*Ireland

*Europe

*China

*Japan

Old Immigrants: W.A.S.P.

W- white

A- Anglo

S- Saxons

P- Protestants

Nativism- Comes across that we are welcoming but we are welcoming to the WASP immigrants not the new immigrants 

Steps To America 

Step One- Leaving America

*It was common for one person from a family to come to America first

*They would save to eventually bring others

*From 1900-1910, almost 95% of the immigrants arriving at Ellis Island were joining either family or friends

*In 1901, between 40% and 65% came either on prepaid tickets the money sent to them from the United States 

Step Two- On Board the Ship

*A ticket to American cost 30% (per person)

*Three types of accommodations-first class(Very nice), second class(Pretty nice), and steerage (terrible)

*Only steerage passengers were processed at Ellis Island

*First and second class passengers were quickly "inspected" on board the ship

*Larger ships could hold from 1,500 to 2,000 immigrants, netting a profit of $45,000 to $60,000 for a single, one-way trip 

Steerage-

*For many immigrants, the experience of steerage was a nightmare

*At one time, the average passenger mortality rate was 10 percent per voyage

*Conditions were extremely overcrowd, dark, unsanitary

*In spite of miserable conditions, the immigrants had faith in the future

*Crossing the Atlantic could take anywhere from a week to more than a month, depending on the ship and weather

*They would play cards, sing, dance and talk 

Step Three- Inspection

*Passengers were inspected for contagious diseases such as cholera, plague, smallpox, typhoid fever, yellow fever, scarlet fever, measles, and diphtheria

*If immigrants had any of the diseases they would be deported

*Sick children age 12 or older were sent back to Europe alone 

Thursday- 

Step Four- Beyond Ellis or Angel Island

*As they left Ellis Island, the next stop was the Money Exchange

*Cashiers exchanged paper money, from countries all over Europe, for American dollars

Ellis

*originally 3.3 acres

*January 1892- first station opened

*Known as the "six second medical exam

*Who passed went on to Great Wall

*Arrivals were asked 29 questions"The Island of hope, the island of tears"

Angel

*Chinese immigrants came through 

 
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?

Why were immigrants disliked-

*Taking jobs

*Hurt Labor Unions

*Racism

*Looked different 

Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882

Banned all Chinese immigration to the US from 1882-1902

Gentleman's Agreement- 1907 

*Informal agreement between the US and Japan

*The US would not restrict Japanese immigration and Japan would not allow further immigration to the U.S.

*The goal was to reduce tensions between the U.S. and Japan

Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?

We were racist

Didn't want them taking our jobs 

Ch. 7.2

Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?

*Immigration

*Farmers moved to the city

*African-Americans moved to the cities

*Cities offered more jobs and opportunities

*Cities offered more entertainment 

What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?

*Cramped, old, dirty housing-tenement

*Lack of good transportation (horses with manure everywhere)

*Lack of safe drinking water

*Disease was common

*Streets were filthy

*Crime

Fires- Cities were destroyed 

What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?

*Tenements- Solutions

     *Cities put restrictions on building wood-frame structures in the center of the city- so fires wouldn't spread to quickly

     *Cities encouraged the construction of lower-income dwellings on the city's outskirts- so the fire wouldn't spread to so many buildings

      *The Tenement House Act of 2867 defined a tenement for the first time and set construction regulations

     *Among these were the requirement of one toilet per 20 people

     *Tenement House Law-190

     *Outlawed the construction of new tenements on 25 foot lots and mandated improved sanitary conditions, fire escapes, and access to light

     *Current tenements were updated and more than 200,000 new apartments were built over the next 15 years

      *Most tenements were destroyed in the 1920's and especially the 1930's with FDR's New Deal

       *The first fully government-built public housing project opened in New York City in 1936

       *Lack Of Transportation- Solutions

       *Electric streetcars- late 1800's, early 1900's

      *Automobiles

*There were 300 cars in the United States in 1895, 78,000 in 1905, 459,000 in 1910 and 1.7 million in 1914

*Subways- New York City- 1904

*Airplanes- 1903- Wright Brother

*Buses- 1925

Lack Of Safe Drinking Water- Solutions

* In late 1800's, scientist had proven that diseases were spread through unsafe drinking water

* In early 1900's, chlorine was added to the water to help eliminate disease

*Federal regulation of drinking water quality began in 1914 which continued to strengthen over the decades 

*Disease was common and streets were filthy- Solutions

*Add chlorine to water

*Horses being replaced. eliminating the manure problem

*Introduction of indoor plumbing

*George A. Waring Jr.- New York City- 1895

*Organized modern recycling, street sweeping, and garbage collection

Crime- Solutions

*Organized Police Force

*Police became full time employees of the city- not volunteers

*In 1838- Boston established the first American police force

*New York City- 1845

*Chicago- 1851

*By the 1800's all major U.S. cities had municipal police forces in place

*1911- Fingerprints are first accepted by U.S. courts as a reliable means of identification

*Teddy Roosevelt- created bicycle unit - designed to control streets  

Fires- Solutions

*Better building codes

*Full time, paid firefighters

*In 1853- Cincinnati became the first full-time, paid fire fighters in the U.S. 

Poverty- Solutions

*Labor Unions

*Minimum wages

*Shorter hours

*Child labor laws 

Ch. 7.3

* The Gilded Age- 1870's-1900

*Gilded- To be covered with gold 

What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?

*Political Machine- A political organization, usually controlled by a single "boss", that controlled votes and had administrative control of a city, county, or state

*These organizations proved social services and jobs to people (recent immigrants) in exchange for votes

*Very corrupt

*Came about due to the rapid increase of population of cities and poor government in the 1800's

*Died out in the early 1900's  

Monday: Continued Presentations- Chapter 6-3 reviewed

Tuesday: Reviewed for the test tomorrow

Wednesday:

Thursday:

Friday:

Notes:

Bruns Notes:

Ch. 6.3:

-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
Lived in a poor house, left his job and entered the steel business, 1899 factured more steel then all other businesses, tracked every expense, 
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
Joined in competing companies and trust agreements (not legal mergers) 1870 process 2 or 3 percent 10 yr later 90 %, got control of market, gave away 500 million to establish Rockefeller foundation, 
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
Smart species gone on bad die out, individuals process of natural selection- enabled best to survive so bad ones die
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
Vertical- Business was booming control who process (transportation, mining, building, etc...)

Horizontal- companies buy out other (same industry) companies getting 100% control

Trust- A bunch of different companies joined under one name (monopoly)

-How did the government try to regulate business?

Monday: We had Christina comes and present to us about how the Native Americans used the Buffalo. 

Tuesday: Continued chapter/section presentation 5-3

Wednesday: Continued chapter/section presentations 6-1

Thursday: Continued chapter/section presetations 6-2(my group, I went on Monday)

Friday: 

Chapter/Section Questions:

Ch. 5.3:

-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Lost a lot of money because cost of dollar bills shifted a lot, railroads peeps raised prices caused farmers even more debt. Group of people and farmers known as the "Grange" spend most of their time fighting the railroads.
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in? 

Populism
* started in Omaha, NE
*Objective- to take debt from farmers and other workers

*Raise in money supply which would make the price in goods go up

*Single term for pres. and a secret ballot to end vote fraud

*Populist presidential candidate won more than 10 percent

Helped farmers out of debt, give people a greater voice in government, increase money supply in circulation, graduated income tax, federal loan program, direct election of Senators, secret ballot, 8 hour work day

Ch. 6.1:

-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
The inventions, oil, steel, immigration, lots of natural resources
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
Steam Engine Drill, Lots of steel- {rail roads, barbed wire, farming machines (John Deere), buildings/skyscrapers, construction, } telephone(Alexander Graham Bell, March 10,1876, Worldwide Communication Network,) typewriter,

Ch. 6.2:

-What impact did railroads have on the US?

-Why were many people upset with the railroads?

-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?


Ch. 6.3:

-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.

-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.

-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?

-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).

-How did the government try to regulate business?

Monday: Class was given out their Chapter and section (Chapter 6 Section 2.) We were given the restof the time to work on our outline

Tuesday: Finished outline while waitng for Mr. Bruns to make his way around to the other groups. 

Wednesday: Absent

Thursday: Started presentations 5:1

Friday: Continued presentations 5:2

Chapter Key Questions/ Notes:

Ch. 5.1:

-Describe Native American culture.
Lived in extended families, received horses from Spainards, medicine men/women, shared myths games, tricksters, cherished land and are very territorial, killed bison for shelter, food, and much, polytheistic. 
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
Found lots of gold and silver, wanted more land to claim and build their homes, farming ranching, cattle, escape problems, adventure 
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?

Lots of fighting, war, and death. created territories for each individual clans,   Daws act- gov decided to give"  160 acres to a married Native Americans or head of house 80 acres to non married, leftover is given to settlers "saying it's fine"

-Describe a cowboy's life.

Highly influenced by Spanish Cowboy- lived on a ranch in the dry land areas. Worked 10 to 14 hours Most cowboys were 15, would branded all the cattle, typical drive 1:250-300 trail boss 100 dollars a month(slept on ground, eat from fire, bathed in ponds)

Ch. 5.2:

-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
Homestead Act(1862)-Allowed 160 acres of land to head of household- only 10% was settled by people it was intended for... people would just go out and take the land buy it and sell it then they would sell it for huge profit! For middle or lower class people 

-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
Lived in underground houses- dug into the ground, flooding of houses but safe from terrible storms, sod homes, women work with men in fields- started the right to vote from working along side/ Not a lot of wood 

-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Not enough land, a lot of farmers went into debt, experienced drought, single crop operations couldn't compete with smaller farms

Bonanza farms- created crops from 15,000-50,000 acres (harvested one crop)

Solutions to solve some of the problems:

Monday- Labor Day(NO SCHOOL)

Tuesday-Mr. Bruns went through his test presentation for us to prepare for the upcoming test.

Wednesday- Took The Test

Thursday- Took second part of the test

Friday- Watched 9/11 clips and discussed class presentations

Test Notes Extended:

U.S. Constitution- Executive

Legislative- Congress (senate and house of representatives) makes the laws

Executive- President carries out laws

Judicial- Supreme Court, interprets the laws

27 amendments

After revolutionary war our western boundary was the Mississippi River

Louisiana Purchase 15 million dollars (Louis and Clark, mapped it out)

Purchased FL from Spain in 

Gastan purchase from Mexico

Texan War for Independence- 1830's

 mexico opened up to american us immigration 

A lot of Americans in Texas

Needed to be roman Catholics and no slaves

Battle of the Alamo- Mexicans won

It became an Independent country for about a decade (lone star republic)

Border between U.S. and Mexico- Rio Grande

President Poke (imperialist)- wanting to expand

* sent soliders up to the Rio Grande (Mexicans attacked)

* war we instagated to get land (we won) lasted about 3 years

Took much of the western states

Mexican Cession- $20 million dollars

Reconstruction

Period after the Civil War to rebuild and reorganize the South back to the Union

President Lincoln(shot) the Pres. Johnson wanted to be easy on the South

Republican Radical Reconstruction

*Economically, socially, politically, and physically

*Split South in 5 military district

*13th, 14th, and 15th amendments passed

*Freedmen's Bureau set up to help former slaves

* Southern governments taken over by "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags"

Monday- Started and got through 2 presentations 

Tuesday- Continued presentations

Wednesday- Continued presentations

Thursday- Finished all presentations

Friday- One last presentation then took an evaluation survey. 

Test Notes:

Native Americans Coming and Going (Forced) )(10,000 years ago)
Columbus and Exploration (1492- early 1600's)
Jamestown and Colonization (early 1600's-1770's)
Revolutionary War (1775-1783)
US Constitution (1789)
Westward expansion (1800's)
Texas War for Ind. (1835-36)/Mexican-American War(1846-1848)
Civil War(1861-1865)
Reconstruction(1865-1877)

 declaration of independent- complains about George III we the people

Presentation Notes:

Presentation topics:

1. Period of time.

2. Basic explanation of what happened.

3. Key people involved and major events.

4. Impact on the US both positively and negatively.

Christopher Columbus

Born 1451

Was looking for Asia not America (went to his death bed not knowing he discovered a new continent) 

Sailed from Spain on the Santa Maria

Went to many kings but was turned down but changed his mind after a few years 

Rediscovered America for Europe

Began August 3, 1492 Route to Asia

Explore Cuba and Hispaniola

One of the biggest voluntary migration in the world 

Taino Indians died from European diseases

Colombian Exchange began- corn, potatoes, and tobacco for livestock, grains, fruit, and coffee

Introduction of Slavery

1619-1865

Started in Jamestown, Virginia

Triangular Trade

Lasting repercussions- racism

6-7 million slaves

Revolutionary War

1775-1783

Kingdom of Great Britain and the 13 colonies

The Declaration of Independence was made after the declared their freedom

Major general in the war was George Washington who ended up being America's first President

The Constitution

Written Sept. 17, 1787-NOw

Article of Confederation

Created a stronger government

very vague, interpretation

Signed by the Founding Father

Protects the people rights

Trial of Tears

began in 1830 to March of 1839

Many of the Native Americans were driven off the land

Traded all Cherokee land east of the Mississippi for $5 million 

President at the time was Andrew Jackson

Indeina Removal Act

Had to walk 1,200 miles

Positive- we gained farmland

Negative- Loss of culture, bad relations

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers to seas lured by the prospect of silver and gold

Hernando Cortes conquered the Aztec

Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan

Spanish settled the southwest and west region of the u.s. thoughout the mid 1500s spreading Roman Catholicism and diseases 

Jamestown

April of 1607, Virginia Company settled here

Join-stock companies- several investors pool weath into colony

TOBACCO

 1619 first enslaved African arrived in Virginia

Plymouth Colony 1620 (Pilgrims)

Mayflower Compact

John Smith

* Kept Jameston alive through farming and support from the Powhatan's

* Was not ever romantically involved with Pocahontas 

Roger Williams

* Believed English settlers should purchase land from Native Americans

* Religious freedom and sparation from church and state

* settled Providence, Rhode Island

William Penn

* Found Pennsylvania

*Acquired what is now Delaware

* Belonged to the Quakers

* Quaker Oats advertising dating back to 1909 identified the "Quaker man" 

The Great Awakening and Enlightenment

Period in which philosophers valued reason and scientific methods

very intellectual movement

religious revivals to restore faith

Benjamin Franklin

Flew kite with key in storm 

Founding Father 

French and Indian War

Fight over Ohio River Valley

Treaty of Paris

Great Britain claimed Canada and qall land east of the Mississippi

Proclamation of 1763- west of Appalachians

Sugar Act

People were smuggling goods

paid smaller taxes so they would sneak sugars in (coffee, indigo, and wines)

If you didn't pay you would go to court (merchants wouldn't pay)

Stamp act

taxed anything stamped (magazines, newspapers, legal documents, etc.)

"Taxation without Representation"

Wanted help to send troops overseas

Wanted help send the parliament

Samuel Adams

*wealthy merchant

*big in politics

*part founder of Sons of Liberty

Declaration of Independence

Be a separate nations of the world

Men are equal

King abused his right to rule

Wanted to create their own government

"Liberty and pursuit of happiness"

Beginnings of America

Second Continental Congress

Articles of Confederation- March 1, 1781

James Madison

Proposed Virginia Plan

Legislature based on population, small states opposed, large state power

William Patterson

proposed New Jersey Plan

Single house legislature

Roger Sherman

propsed the Great Compromise

2 house congress

upper house- senate- equal power

lower house- representatives- population

3/5 Compromise

South states anted slave to count towards pop. for more representatives (3/5 of slaves count towards pop.)

George Washington

* Adjourned Constitutional Convention Sept. 17th 1787

Gold Rush

California- 1848-1855

*City of Coloma- James Marshall

*300,000 people- Europe,

Great Invention

Railroad- Peter Cooper- "Tom THumb"

1830

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Track

Clanking, smoke everywhere

Reduced travel 90% 

Telegraph- Morse code (series oftapping)

 Manifest Destiny

* Oregon and Santa Fe Trail

*Louisiana Purchase

*Lewis and Clark- mapped and surveyed the land

*Alamo

Civil War

1861-1865

Fort Sumter- confederates attacked first- 1861

Battle of Bull Run- first battle of war- confederates won this battle

Robert E. Lee(Confederate) Ulysses S. Grant (Union)

Abe(Union)wanted to abolish slavery

Battle of Gettysburg- turning point for Union July 1-3rd 1863

Surrender at Appomattox

Brought us together

April 3, 1865

13 Original Colonies

Started the United States Government

Flag originally had 13 stars

Boston Tea Party

1773

King at the time was King III

We lost a lot of men at war

TJ was author of Declaration of Independence

Indian Removal ACT

1830-1839

Moved the indians west of the Mississippi

Trail of Tears- Cherokee( 4,000 of 15,000 died) move to now OK

Europeans wanted tribes to move so they had more land for industry

Many Native Americans were killed

Reconstruction

1865-1877

Made new laws to allow southern states re-enter the union

Andrew Johnson was president at the time

* left a lot of power to the states

* African Americans were given freedom/Ku Klux Klan didn't believe they deserve to live

Native Americans Crossing Land Bridge

25,000-15,000 years ago

3 separate migrations

1st populated most of North and South America

2nd group settled in Alaska

Many American wars would not have happened and on the contrary we wouldn't have support

Mexican American War

1846-1848
13,000 american soldiers killed only 1.5% killed in combat
was for land (southwest part of states)

Monday- We asked Mr. Bruns questions about his life, why he teachs, sports he played in high school, and his college background. 

Tuesday- We went around the room and stated our Name, school activites, and others interests about ourselves that we want the class to know about us.

Wednesday- Mr. Bruns went through his rules and expectations for his classroom and through out the year. 

Thursday- We were assigned seats and figured out our groups for testing situations. We were introduced to our first group project

http://mrbruns.ning.com/group/ushistory/forum/7th-grade-history-review

Friday- Had time to work on our presentations.

Monday: We watched Hotel Rwanda

Tuesday: We took the Asian Class quiz along with continuing our discussion on genocide

Wednesday: Took the Asian map test and got a 116/120

Along with genocide discussions

Thursday: Reviewed for the big vocab quiz that would tell us if we could take the semester test as a group or alone

Continued watching hotel Rwanda

Friday: Took the big vocab quiz and turned in Iowa Assessments for extra credit.

Monday: Went over new forum posts and received new maps for our last map test. Studied for Europe map test

Tuesday: Took the Europe Map test

Went over the Ferguson Case and talked about how Officers Wilson is resigning. Along with how the Grand Jury didn't find enough evidence to have an actual trial against him. Riots broke out and people burned down several buildings.

Monday- We went over our Europe map and watched the North Korea video

Tuesday- We went over our Europe map and then started discussing about nuclear bombs and who has them in order

1. U.S. Started testing in 19922.

2. Russia Started testing in 19903.

3. UK Started testing in 19914.

4. France Started testing in 19965.

5. China Started testing in 1996

___

6. Pakistan

7. India

8. Israel

9.North Korea

The nuclear test treaty was signed in 1993 outlawing nuclear testing in the air, space, above land, and in water. Although you may test beneath ground Learned about the International Atomic Energy Agency- they go around checking countries to see who is making them/has them.

Wednesday- Took the class quiz on part of Europe and finished discussion on nuclear weapons.

Talked about North Korea vs. South Korea and how South is flourishing and how North isn't. We discussed the difference between Kim Jong Un and how he may be trying to look just like his grandfather so that the people like him.

Thursday- Discussed current events

FSU went into lockdown after a school shooting. Myron May shot 2 people will 4 were injured. Students say that they felt safe because of the schools disciplined procedure on how they took care of the situation.

We also talked about how there is massive snowfall in Buffalo at around 9 fee!

We also discussed about North Korea's leaders Kim II Sung- Ruled1948-1994... Kim Jong il 1994-2011 and Kim Jong un 2011 to present day. All leader's were and are very cruel and aggressive.

Friday- We took another class quiz on Europe.

We also briefly dicussed on how Officer Wilson from Ferguson will resign because of all the hate he is receiving and not because he is guilty

Lastly we watched a few videos on Obama's Immigration Laws changing

1. We will toughen border patrols

2. We will make things easier and faster for law abiding people who add good to our country

3. Deport dangerous drug dealers and criminals

Monday: Gone due to visitation

Tuesday: Gone due to funeral

Wednesday: We went over the Europe map but, I had to leave for a doctors appointment early so I didn't get anything else.

Thursday: No School

Friday: No School

Monday: We discussed forum post and how there was a sexist comment about Joni Ernst and how she is only getting votes because she is "nice and attractive." If she was a male candidate these comments would never have been said.

We also discussed climate change around the world. Global warming is having a effect on our earth. Global warming is because of polluting the air (burning fossil fuels, cars, factories.) Effects of global warming are the dying of coral reefs, extreme weather and climates, and melting of glaciers in the Antarctic.

Tuesday:

Wednesday: We had a shortened day but we discussed the elections that took place the day before. The Republicans pulled through in the nation and won a lot of elections. We now have both control over the senate and house of representatives. We also discussed what type of people vote for democrats and what type of people vote for republicans.

Thursday: We watched immigration video.

Friday: We watched immigration video.

Monday- I was going at Student Council Conference

Tuesday- We talked about the volcano flow and how it is getting close to a town in Hawaii.

Ebola Ground Zero believe they have found the first Ebola patient and family. A little boy who passed it to his family, they passed it to the town, town passed it on an so forth.

Watched a video of African american NFL players saying blacks put down blacks not whites putting down blacks. 

Next we watched a Video project about legalization of marijuana in states Washington and Colorado. Some say that if we legalize it we will have less drug deals, and less crime rate. The cons of legalizing marijuana is car accidents because it's like driving under the influence. 

Wednesday- We finished discussing about the legalization of marijuana. We then watched another Video Project

Poaching is making many animals extinct. We have roughly 3,200 tigers left in the world! This number has gone down drastically. Elephants are killed for the ivory and sold. Some say that in the future there will be no animals at all.   

Thursday- Talked about the Iowa Senators- Chuck Grassley and Tom Harkin. Tom Harkin is stepping down from position with people running for his place are Bruce   and Joni Ernst. We also decided what animals that we will adopt. 

Friday- We watched a video on income inequality and discussed about how the upper class is still given more money than those who need it most. We also discussed about some of the homeless such as where they live, what they do, and why. We also talked about some people fake being homeless and poor so that they will receive money from begging.

Monday- I was going at Student Council Conference

Tuesday- We talked about the volcano flow and how it is getting close to a town in Hawaii.

Ebola Ground Zero believe they have found the first Ebola patient and family. A little boy who passed it to his family, they passed it to the town, town passed it on an so forth.

Watched a video of African american NFL players saying blacks put down blacks not whites putting down blacks. 

Next we watched a Video project about legalization of marijuana in states Washington and Colorado. Some say that if we legalize it we will have less drug deals, and less crime rate. The cons of legalizing marijuana is car accidents because it's like driving under the influence. 

Wednesday- We finished discussing about the legalization of marijuana. We then watched another Video Project

Poaching is making many animals extinct. We have roughly 3,200 tigers left in the world! This number has gone down drastically. Elephants are killed for the ivory and sold. Some say that in the future there will be no animals at all.   

Thursday- Talked about the Iowa Senators- Chuck Grassley and Tom Harkin. Tom Harkin is stepping down from position with people running for his place are Bruce   and Joni Ernst. We also decided what animals that we will adopt. 

Friday- We watched