Monday: Forum posts and Cold War Notes

Tuesday: Cold War Notes

Wednesday: Cold War Notes

Thursday: Decades project work day

Friday: Decades project work day

Cold War Notes:

• NATO
  • In 1949 the Western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to coordinate their defense against Russia 
  • NATO was a defensive alliance
  • This was the first peacetime alliance in US History
  • It consisted of:
    • America, Canada, Britain,, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, and Italy
      • Still around today and has expanded
• Warsaw Pact- 1955-1991
  • Same thing as NATO except it's for Soviet Union with Eastern Europe 
• CIA vs. KGB
  • Central Intelligence Agency- 1947-President
  • Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti
    • Committee for State Security
    • 1945-1991
• Perestroika and Glasnost-1985
  • Perestroika-Restructuring of the Soviet economy and political system
    • More democracy
    • Free elections
  • Glasnost-Most openness of the Soviet government and for it's people
    • Free speech and press
• USSR's FIrst Atomic Test-1949
• Countries with Nuclear Weapons
  • US-1945
  • Russia-1949
  • United Kingdom-1952
  • France-1964
  • India-1974
  • Pakistan-1998
  • North Korea-2006
  • Israel-??
  • Iran- Developing?
• Nuclear Power Treaties/Organizations
  • Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-196
    • Underground nuclear testing
  • Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-1968
    • "Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology."
    • "Promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy"
    • "Further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament" 
  • SALT (Strategic Arms Limitations Treaty) I Treaty-19720
    • SALT I froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels
    • Limited new submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBM)/
    • Richard Nixon (President of the United States of America)
    • L.I. Brezhnev (General Secretary of the Central COmmittee of the CPSU)
    • SALT II was signed but never ratified by Congress
      • Due to Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
  • Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1996
    • Signed by President Bill Clinton
    • Not ratified by the Senate
    • Why? Senate reasoning:
  • International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)-1957
    • Nuclear watchdog group
  • INF Treaty-1987
    • Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges(300-3,400 miles).
    • USSR and US
  • The Start Treaties
    • Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
    • START I (1991)
    • Largest and most complex arms control treaty in history
    • Resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons in existence
    • The START I treaty expired in 2009
  • SORT-2003
    • Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
    • Between US and Russia
    • Stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear weapons was to be cut in half by 2012
    • The goal was achieved in 2007 for US
    •  Lasted from 2003-2011 when New Start took it's place 
  • New START-2011
    • Signed by PResident OBama and former Russian President Medvedev
    • The number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half 
    • A new inspection and verification system will be established
    • Lasts until 2021
  • United Nations- 1945 to Present
• The Berlin Wall 

Monday: Started decades project (1980's)

Tuesday: Started Cold War Notes

Wednesday: Cold War Notes

Thursday: Decades project work day

Friday: Decades project work day

The Cold War 1945-1990 (US vs. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

• Definition
  • A political, strategic and ideological struggle between the US and the Soviet Union from 1945-1990
  • Spread throughout the world-Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America
• Causes of the Cold War
  • Different political systems
    • US is based on democracy, capitalism and freedom
    • USSR is based on dictatorship, communism, and control
    • The Red Scare- 1919
    • Both thought their system was better and distrusted the others intentions
    • Stalin despised capitalism
    • Distrust during WWII
    • Stalin breaking his promise to allow free election at the Yalta Conference
    • American fear of communist attack (Red Scare) and USSR's fear of a US attack
    • USSR's action of the atomic bomb
    • USSR's actions in their German zone
    • USSR's goal to spread communism around the world
• Yalta Conference--February 1945
  • Before the end of the World War II, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points
    • The establishment of the united nations
    • Germany to be divided into four zones
    • free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe.
    • Russia promised to join the war against Japan. 
• The "West"
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Great Britain
  • France 
  • Italy
• The "East"
  • Eastern Europe
  • Soviet Union
• Post WWII/Cold War goals for US
  
  • Wanted to promote open markets for  US goods to prevent another depression
  • Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa
  • Stop the spread of communism
    • Policy of Containment
• Post WWII/Cold War for USSR
  • Wanted to create greater security for itself
    • lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin's purges
    • feared a strong Germany
  • Established defensible borders
  • Encourage friendly governments on its borders
  • Spread communism around the world
• Truman Doctrine
  • In 1947, the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas.
  • They appealed to America for aid and we responded with the Truman Doctrine
  • Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists
• Marshall Plan
  • In 1947, the US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan.
  • This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war. 
  • There were two motives  for this:
    • Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, benefiting American industry.
    • A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism. 

WWII Notes

Monday: Finished the WWII and started to watch the video

Tuesday: Watched WWII Video

Wednesday: Finished WWII Video

Thursday: Took WWII Axis Powers Test

Friday: Took WWII Axis Powers Test

• Germany
  • 1941
    • Jews throughout Eastern Europe are forced into ghettos 
    • In two days, Germa units shoot 33,771 Ukrainian
  • 1942
    • Nazi officials announce "Final Solution" - their plan to kill all European Jews
    • Five death camps begin operation in Poland: Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka, Belzec, and Auschwitz-Birkenau
    • Ghettos of Eastern Europe are being emptied as thousands of Jews are shipped to death camps
    • The United States, Great Britain, 
  • 1943
    • Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto resist as the Nazis begin new rounds of deportations. These Jews hold out for nearly a month before the Nazis put down the uprising
  • 1945
    • Hitler is defeated and WOrld War II ends in Europe
    • The Holocaust is over and the death camps are found emptied
    • Many survivors are placed in displaced persons camps until they find a country willing to accept them. 
  • 1947
    • The United Nations establishes a Jewish homeland in British-controlled Palestine, which becomes the State of Israel in 1948. 

Monday: Took notes over WWII

Tuesday: Took notes over WWII

Wednesday: Took notes over WWII

Thursday: Took notes over WWII

Friday: Took notes over WWII

WWII Notes:

• Germany in WWII
  • Treaty of Versailles
    • Territorial
      • Lost land to:
        • France
        • Belgium
        • Denmark
        • Czechoslovakia
        • Poland
        • The League of nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies
    • Military
      • Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
      • German was not allowed to have an air force
      • Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and ano submarines
      • The Rhineland was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ)
    • Financial
      • The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy
        • Coal from the Saar and Upper  Silesia in particular
        • Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allied (GB/France)
    • General
      • 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231- the infamous "War Guilt Clause."
      • 2. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
      • 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace
  • German Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles
    • There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public
    • The Treaty was seen by many Germans as being forced on them and the Germans had no choice but to sign it
    • Many in Germany did not want the Treaty signed
    • German representatives in Paris knew that they had no choice as Germany was incapable of restarting the war again
    • Many right wing groups such as the Nazis believed in the Dolchstoss Theory (Stab in the Back Theory)
    • Blamed the "November Criminals" (the Weimar Republic) for accepting treaty
  • Weimar Republic
    • Appointed
      • Chancellor (Head of Government) runs the country day to day and has to command a majority in the Reichstag
    • Key Powers
      • President (Election every 7 years)
      • Appointed Judges, Commander in Chief of Armed Forces, Articles 48 allowed him to make laws without Parliament in an emergency
    • Elected
      • Public (all men and women over 20 were allowed to vote)
  • Hitler as a Baby in Austria
    • Born in 1889
    • Fuhrer-Leader 
  • Beer hall Putsch- 1923
    • Was sent and put on trial
  • Hitler in Prison
    • Had a sentence of 5 years
    • Only served 9 months for good behavior
    • Wrote a book
      • Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Excerpts
  • Hitler Rise to Powers
    • Hitler is appointed Chancellor in 1933
    • President Paul won Hindenburg dies shortly after and HItler dissolves the Weimar Republic
    • Early Actions of Hitler:
      • Drops out of the League of Nations
      • Starts rearming Germany
      • Rearms the German Rhineland area
  • Munich Conference
    • Neville Chamberlain-Great Britain
    • Adolf Hitler-Germany
    • Hitler was given the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
    • HItler promised that he was done taking over territories
    • Hitler wanted to re-unite all German speaking people
    • Became know as the "Policy of Appeasement"
  • Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
    • Russia gave raw materials to Germany in  exchange for money and weapons
    • Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war
    • Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland. Germany would get the western half and USSR the eastern half
    • Russia would get Finland, Estonia, and Latvia and Germany would get Lithuania
  • How did the world react to this Pact?
    • Shocked 
    • Poland was scared
    • Hitler thought it would force Great Britain and France to back out of their promise to help Poland if attacked
  • Blitzkrieg-Lighting War
    • Goal was to achieve victory as quickly as possible
    • Attack enemy front-line and rea positions, main roads, airfields, and communications center.
    • Tank units breakthrough main lines of defense and advance deeper into enemy territory. 
    • Main force links up with other units encircling and cutting off the enemy
  • The French Resistance
    • General Charles DeGaulle
    • The Maquis
      • Sabotaged the Nazi Government when they took over France
  • Result of Bombing
    • In May, 1941, Germany decided to focus on attacking British ships and ports and thus stopped attacking cities
    • British losses-around 40,000 civilians dead
      • 46,000-139,000 injured
    • German losses-3,363 
    • British won Germany never achieved their goals
  • German Invasion of USSR-June. 1941
    • Final Plan of Operation Barbarossa 
  • Battle for Moscow
    • The Soviet Winter Counteroffensive
      • December 6, 1941-April 30, 1942
    • The Russian winter sets in and make is a huge turning point in the war
  • Battle of Stalingrad
    • Winter of 1942-1943
    • Worst battle in injuries, deaths, and casualties
    • Around two million casualties
  • Siege of Leningrad
    • On August 30th, the Germans took over Leningrad's railroads, cutting them off from the rest of Russia and the world
    • Unlike the Battle of Stalingrad, the Germans surround the city to starve the city into submission
    • Between November 1941 and October 1942, 641,000 people died of starvation
    • People resulted to eating rats, wallpaper paste and some resorted to cannibalism
    • Finally, a successful Russian counter-offensive at Stalingrad, drained necessary resources the Germans needed to continue the blockade and eventually, it failed
    • The Germans never took Leningrad, but it was one of the most costly conflicts Russia had ever faced- over one million died
  • The North Africa Campaign- June. 1940- May 1943
    • Italians needed help by the Germans 
    • Germany fought U.S.
  • The Italian Campaign- Operation Avalanche- Europe's "Soft Underbelly"
    • Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area- North Africa- November 1942 - May 1943
    • George S. Patton leads American troops 
    • Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over 275,000 troops
  • The Holocaust
    • The genocide of approximately six million European Jews during WWII
    • A program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory
    • Approximately 2/3 of the population of 9 million Jews who had lived in Europe before the Holocaust died
    • SOme say that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazi's killing millions of people in other groups from Germany and other occupied territory
    • By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people
    • Who was inferior According to Hitler?
      • Jews (6 million dead)
      • Gypsies (500,000-1.5 million)
      • Mentally/physically handicapped people (75,000 to 25,000)
      • Soviet Slavs/POW's/Troops- (16.5 million) The Russian Academy of Science in 1995 reported civilian victims in the USSR, including Jews, at German hands totaled 13.7 million dead including 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. German captors killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet POWs through starvation, exposure, and 
    • What is the Aryan Race?
      • Nazis used term to refer to a so-called master race that originated around Germany
      • Perfect Aryan was blonde, blue-eyed, tall, muscular
      • The original term refers to people of the 
    • Lebensborn-Fount of Life
      • The program aimed to promote the growth of "superior" Aryan populations by providing excellent health care and living conditions to women and by restricting access to those deemed "fit"
      • Houses were set up through Germany and many occupied territories
      • Many Lebensborn children were born to unwed mothers which helped lead to many rumors of rape
      • Contrary to widespread rumors, women were not forced to have relations of Aryan Germans
    • Hitler's Jewish Question- 1933
      • Nazis "temporarily" suspend civil liberties for all citizens in 1933-Never restored.
      • The Nazis set up the first concentration camp at Dachau in 1933. The first inmates are 200 communists.
      • Jews were prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors in the National Health Service, and teachers in public high schools.
      • Most Jewish students are banned from public high schools and colleges
    • Nuremberg Laws 1935
      • Took away German citizenship from Jews thus making Jews second class citizens by removing their basic civil rights
      • Established membership in the Jewish race as being anyone who either considered themselves Jewish or had 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents. People with 1 or 2 Jewish grandparents were considered to be mixed race.
        • Eventually anyone with at least 1 Jewish grandparent was at risk in Nazi Germany
      • Jews could only marry Jews
      • No sexual relations between non-Jewish Germans and Jews
    • 1936
      • Nazis boycott Jewish-owned businesses
    • Kristallnacht-1938 "Night of the Broken Glass"
      • One the nights of November 9 and 10, 1938, the Nazis roamed through Jewish neighborhoods breaking windows of Jewish businesses and homes, burning synagogues and looting
      • IN all 101 synagogues were destroyed and 1000 homes
    • 1938-Cont.
      • All Jewish children are expelled from public schools in Germany and Austria
      • Nazis take control of Jewish-owned businesses.
    • HItler's Final Solution
      • Genocide
    • 1939
      • Hitler orders the systematic murder of the mentally and physically disabled in Germany and Austria
      • Jews are required to wear armbands or yellow stars
    • 1940
      • Nazis begin deporting German Jews to Poland
      • Jews are forced into ghettos 
      • Nazis begin the first mass murder of Jews in Poland
    • 1941
      • Jews throughout Eastern Europe are forced into ghettos 
      • In two days, Germans unites shoot 33,771 Ukrainian

Monday: NO SCHOOL EASTER BREAK

Tuesday: GONE DUE TO STATE MOCK TRIAL

Wednesday: Continued Axis Powers presentations

Thursday: Took notes on Axis Power presentations

Friday: Took notes on Axis Power presentations

WWII Axis Power Notes:

• Japan in World War Two
  • Areas controlled by Japan during WWII
    • Several regions in China 1938-1945
    • French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) - July, 15 1940-August, 29 1945
    • Hong Kong (UK)- December 12, 1940- August 15, 1945
    • Thailand- as an allied state although induced- December 8, 1941- August 15, 1941
    • British New Guinea- December 27, 1941- September 15, 1945
    • Philippines (USA)- January 2, 1942- November 27, 1944
    • Guam (USA)- January 6, 1942- October 21, 1945
    • Dutch East INdies- January 18, 1942- October 21
  • Areas Attacked but Not Conquered
    • Air raids on Australia:
      • Broome (Western Australia)
      • Darwin (Norther Territory, Australia)
      • Newcastle (New South Wales, Australia)
      • Sydney (New South Wales, Australia)
    • British Columbia (Canada)
    • Kohima and Manipur (India)
  • Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    • The League of Nations condemned the action but could not enforces its authority as it had no military force
    • The message sent to aggressive countries was that a major power could get away with using force because Great Britain and France did not want war
    • Japan dropped out of the League of Nations shortly after invasion
  • Rape of Nanking- Late 1937- Early 1938
    • A mass killing of Chinese people (300,000)
    • Mass raping of Chinese women and girls
    • Mass looting and arson
    • Some in Japan have denied that the military killed civilians for no reason
    • Still causes tensions between the two countries today
    • There were war crimes trial after the war to try Japanese soldiers for participation
  • Soviet- Japanese Neutrality pact
    • The USSR and Japan signed an agreement to not fight one another in April, 1941
    • Japan considered breaking this once Germany (their ally) invaded the USSR in June, 1941, but did not
    • The USSR broke this treaty when they declared war on Japan in August 9, 1945
  • Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor
    • After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan
    • Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, 1941 guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war
  • Potsdam Conference- July, 1945
    • On July 26, the United States, Great Britain, and China issued the Potsdam Declaration
    • Announced the terms for Japan's surrender
    • "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives."
    • Dismantle the current government of Japan(excluding Emperor Hirohito)
    • The Allies (US) will occupy Japan
    • Japan will consist only of the major islands (Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku). It will lose all territory gained in WWII and years leading up to it
    • Democracy will be promoted as well as Freedom of speech, religion, and of thought, as well as respect for fundamental human rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948)
    • Japan will be allowed to have industry so they can make money to pay for reparations, World trade will also be enabled at some point. 
    • Allied (US) occupation of Japan (1945-1952) will end once Japan accomplishes all the above points
    • "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." President Harry Truman
• Germany in World War II
  • Basic Facts
    • Axis Powers
      • Germany 
      • Japan 
      • Italy
    • Leader 
      • Adolf Hitler
  • Deaths
    • Total Military Deaths- 5,533,000
      • 10 million casualties
    • Total civilian deaths- 700,000
    • Total deaths- 7,400,000
    • Total Holocaust Deaths
      • 6 million Jewish people
      • 70,000 mental and physical handicaps
      • 200,000 gypsies
      • 1,200 Jehovah's 
  • Other Facts
    • William Sebold
      • FBI agent for US
      • Helped US break the German code 
    • William Hitler
      • Nephew of Hitler 
      • Would write to his uncle asking for a job, but was ignored
      • House was bombed by Germany, moved to the United States and joined the military

Monday:

Tuesday:

Wednesday:

Thursday:

Friday:

WW11 Notes

• Russia
  • USSR Prior to WWII
    • Russia drops out of WWI(1917) to fight Bolshevik Revolution
    • Russia became communist and changed name to USSR in 1922
    • Purges and deportations to slave labor camps in Siberia (Gulags)
    • Strengthened the intelligence and secret service
    • Created a "Cult of Personality"
    • Nationalization and Collectivization of the Soviet economy 
    • Industrialization of the Soviet economy
    • Five Year Plans
    • Policies led to famine in Ukraine (5-10 million died-considered a genocide by some)
    • Banned religion
  • USSR in WWII
    • Signed German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact in 1939 leading to the invasion of Poland
    • Also invaded Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland in 1939
    • Signed Neutrality Pact with Japan in 1941
    • Invaded by Germany in June, 1941
    • Stalin instituted his retreat an "scorched earth" policies
    • The Russian winter of 1941-1942 changed the tide of the war
• United States
  • Bataan Death march-Philippines- 1942
    • Up 10,000 Filipino and 650 American POW's died during the march
  • The Manhattan Project
    • 1939-1945
  • VJ Day
    • August 14/15, 1945 (Official Uk)
    • September 2, 1945 (Official for US)
    • When Japan officially signed on USS Missouri
  • Potsdam Conference - July, 1945
    • On July 26, the United States, Great Britain, and China issued the Potsdam Declaration
    • Announced the terms for Japan's surrender
    • "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives.:
    • Dismantle the current government of Japan (excluding Emperor Hirohito)
    • The Allies (US) will occupy Japan
    • Japan will consist only of the major islands (Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, Shikoku). It will lose all territory gained with WWII and years leading up to it.
    • Japanese military forces will be disarmed and allowed to return home
    • There will be war crimes trials for the atrocities committed by Japan throughout WWII
    • Democracy will be promoted as well as Freedom of speech, religion, and of thought, as well as respect for fundamental human rights (Universal Declaration of Human Rights- 1948)
    • Japan will be allowed to have industry so they can make money to pay for reparations. World trade will also be enabled at some point.
    • Allied(US) occupation of Japan (1945-1952) will end once Japan accomplishes all the above points
    • "We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction." President Harry Truman
  • WWII Major Battle/Operations Timelines VS. Germany
    • Battle of the Atlantic- 1941-1945
    • Operation TOrch (Invasion o Morocco)- 1942
    • Operation Avalanche (Invasion of Italy)- 1943
      • Battle of Salerno (1943)
      • Battle of Anzio (1944)
      • Battle of Monte Cassino (1944)
    • Operation Overlord (D-Day)- June 6. 1944
      • Dwight Eisenhower
      • Cross English channel by the United States 
      • Omaha Beach
      • Invading France because it was taken over by Germany a few years earlier
      • Largest amphibious attack (water and land)
      • Three Major Generals
        • Ike (Dwight Eisenhower), George Patton and Omar Bradley
      • Casualties
        • United States- 6.603 (1.465 killed)
        • United Kingdom- 2,700
        • Canada 1,074 (359 fatal)
        • Germany- Estimated between 4,00-9,000
      • By June, 11 with beachheads firmly secured
      • More the 326,000 troops had crossed with more than 100,000 tons of military equipment
      • Paris was liberated on August 25
      • Germany surrendered on May 8. 1945
      • But not before....
    • Operation Dragoon (Invasion of Southern France)- August, 1944
    • Battle of the Bulge (Hitler's lasts major offensive)-Winter 1944-1945
      • Called this because there was a bulge in the line
      • Battle Facts
        • The coldest, snowiest weather "in memory" in the Ardennes Forest on the German/Belgium border
        • Over a million men, 500,000 Germans, 600,000 Americans (more than fought at Gettysburg) and 55,000 British
        • 81,000 Americans casualties, including 23,554 captured and 19,000 killed 
        • The Battle of the Bulge was the worst battle- in terms of looses- to the the American Forces in WWII
    • How we fought back against Germany
      • Allied Intelligence
        • Churchill and Roosevelt knew the importance of intelligence in safeguarding Allied commerce to defeat the Axis powers.
        • The Allies shared information from RADAR and HIgh Frequency Radio Direction FInding (HF?DH or "huff duff").
        • RADAR provided a means of detecting vessels and aircraft above the surface HF/DF was used to located the sources of enemy radio transmissions such as submarines
        • Allied intelligence leaders began sharing code-breaking secrets, known as "very special intelligence" and classified under cover-names like "ULTRA" and "MAGIC"
      • Enigma
        • System in which Germany transferred their information through codes
        • Solving the Enigma system remains one of the great Allied triumphs of World War II
        • During periods when Allied cryptanalysts were unable to solve Enigma, U-boats caused great damage to Anglo-American commerce
      • Frontal Attack
        • Depth Charges
        • Airplanes designed to look at submarines
    • Yalta Conference-February, 1945
      • Before the end of the WWII, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta, USSR to plan what should happen when the war ended. 
      • The Agreed on the following:
        • The establishment of the United Nations
        • Germany to be divided into four zones
        • Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe
        • USSR promised to join the war against Japan
    • V-E Day (May 8, 1945)
      • Victory in Europe Day
    • FDR Dies, Harry Truman is sworn in- April 12, 1945
  • US Homefront
    • Women in WWII
      • Rosie the Riveter
        • Represented women workers in WWII
      • "Tokyo Rose" Iva Toguri
        • Forced to broadcast propaganda to the ALlied troops for Japan
        • In these radio programs, she taunted troops by playing sad music 
    • African-Americans in WWII
      • Tuskegee Institute/Airmen
        • Most famous African-American group
    • Asian Americans in WWII
    • Hollywood i n WWII
      • Used propaganda movies to entertain and educate the Americans
      • Trying to get people excited about joining the military or buying war bonds
      • Bob Hope
        • Comedian 
        • USO (United Service Organization)
          • Goes around to places where U.S. troops are to entertain them
      • OPA and Rationing
        • The OFfice of Price Administration was established in 1941 under to administer price controls 
        • FOod rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat; clothing rationing restricted silk and nylon
        • Gasoline rationing began in May 1942 limiting use to five gallons per week
        • By the end of 1942, half of the nation's automobiles were issued A sticker, allowing 4 gallons per week
        • The other half of automobiles had either a b sticker (supplementary allowances for people with trucks or higher up in the country government)
      • War Finance Committee and War Bonds
        • Over the course of the war 85 million Americans purchased bonds totaling $185 billion
        • Helped pay for the war
        • It was an investment for US citizens
        • As lows as $18.75 per bonds
        • Ten years later government paid out $25.00

Monday: Took WWII notes and had presentations

Tuesday: Took WWII notes and watch presentations

Wednesday: ABSENT DUE TO MOCK TRIAL

Thursday: Took WWII notes and had presentations

Friday:  Took WWII notes and had presentations

WWII Notes:

• Great Britain
  • Results of the war
    • UK lost its leading position in the world
    • UK lost many colonies
    • New international peace organizations
• Soviet Union
  • Major Events Between
    • Russian Civil War
      • Nov. 1917- Oct. 1922
      • After the fall of the Tsar and the Russian Revolution the Russian empire was unstable
      • Between the Reds and whites the red army was fighting the communists the 
      • The white army was favored for the militarism
    • Stalin's Five Year Plan
      • A series of nationalized plans for the economic development of the SOviet Union
      • Had unrealistic goals in the industrial development
      • Brought all industry a
      • Collectivism- the practice or principly of giving a group priority over each individual in it
      • Nationalism- is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by brig them under the public ownership of a national government or state
      •  The government took over all the farms and businesses
    • Soviet and German Non Aggression Pact
      • Signed on Aug. 23, 1939 only days before begining of WWII
        Said that there was a guarantee of non-belligerence by each party towards the other, and that neither party would ally itself to, or aid any enemy of the other party
      • Pact was broke when germany attacked the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941
  • Basic Facts
    • Death
      • Civilian- 7 million  
      • Military- 13 million
      • Total 20 million
    • Cost
      • More than 3.5 trillion today
    • Weapons
      • Mosin Nagant Model 1891 Rifle
      • Pistolet-Pulemyot Shpagina
    • INteresting facts
      • 80% of Soviet males born in 1923 didn't survive in WWII
      • More russians (military and civilians) lost their lives during the Siege of Leningrad than did American and British soldiers combines in all of WWII
      • Soviet Unions and apart of the Allied Powers
    • War Goals
      • Expand as much as possible in all directions
      • Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia
      • Destroy rival, Nazi Germany
      • Expand Soviet Communism system to control people and resources
      • Invade Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Eastern Poland, Final resists, other fall under Soviet Control
      • Launches invasion into Germany from east, helping to force Nazi surrender
    • IMPact on Soviet Union
      • Economy went down
      • Quarter of countries capital resources are destroyed
      • Industrial and agricultural output in 1945 fell far short of prewar levels
      •  To help rebuild country
      • Germany made reparations to Soviet Unions
      • They won
      • Postwar reconstruction period, Stalin tightened domestic controls, justifying the repression by playing up the threat of war with West
      • The USSR keeps nothern part of East Prussia, w/ gain of territory
      • Cold War
        • Postwar Soviet expansionism in Eastern Europe fueld many Americans' fears of Russian plan to control the world
        •  WWII,, US and Soviet Union fought as allies against the Axis Powers
        • After war ended, grievances became an overwhelming sense of mutual distrust
      • Why they Won
        • Use to cold winters
        • Germany invaded land that was too big
        • Had more people 
        • Forced Germans back to Germany 
        • Underestimated them
        • More troops (more allies) 
  • Important Military People
    • Joseph Stalin
      • Part of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917
        • Appointed General Secretary in 1922
      • Came into Power in 1922
        • Took control in 1924
      • Ruthless and determined
      • August 23rd, 1939-Signed Non-Agression Pact with Naazi Germany
        • Soviet invaded in June 1941
      • Attended Allied Conferences
    • Georgy Zhukov
      • Chief of General Staff
      • Later became Deputy Commander in Chief in the Department of Defense
      • Signed the "Directive of People"
        • Called for a counterattack on Operation Barbarossa
        • Ultimately failed
      • Captured Berlin, Germany
        • Commanded the Battle of Berlin
      • Still one of the most celebrated commanders
    • Nikita Khrushchev
      • Worked his way up the ranks through the Russian Civil War and WWII
        • Worked his way up by supporting Stalin and his purges
      • Appointed COmmissar by Stalin
        • Keep a tight lease on commanders
        • Stationed in Poland and Kiev
      • After Stalin's death in 1953, he gained power
  • Battle Strategies
    • Deep Operation
      • Created by men in the Bolshevik Revolution
      • Called for particular operations
      • Created a new depth of military intelligence
    • Maskirovka
      • Use speed and deception to catch enemies off guard
        • Camouflage
      • Battle of Stalingrad
    • Scorched Earth Policy
      • Burn or destroy all crops, buildings, and resources that could be used by the enemy
        • Soviet Union burned down anything to do with:
          • Technology
          • Food
          • Resources
          • Settlements
    • Winter Strategy
      • Germany began invading the SOviet Union in June 1941
        • Operation Barbarossa
      • Soviet Union retreated until December 1941
      • Winter cons
        • Farther into Soviet Union, the less supply lines
        • Harsh, winter conditions
        • Scorched Policy left nothing behind (no warmth)
      • Due to the counterattacks and weather, Germany was pushed, slowly out, out of the Soviet Union
    • Stalin's Strategy
      • Extreme "Patriotism"
        • Don't die a traitor, die a hero
        • Die fighting for your country
        • Get killed fighting or get killed not fighting
  • Important Military and Country Leaders
    • Stalin
      • Josef Stalin (Losif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili)
      • Grew up in poverty
      • Studied priesthood-was soon kicked out
      • Became an underground political agitator
      • Took part in many strikes
      • 1907 changed his name to Stalin "steel"
      • Exiled to Siberia multiple times
      • Age 73
      • Died March 5, 1953 of a heart attack 
      • Came to Power
        • Joined a socialist group/readings of Karl Marx
        • Devoted much of his time to revolutionary movement against Russian monarchy
        • Lenin and Stalin organize Russian Revolution promised "peace, land, and bread"
        • Country descends into civil war
        • Soviet Union founded in 22, Lenin as leader
        • Lenin appoints Stalin to be General Secretary of Communist Party
        • Lenin dies in 24, Stalin promotes himself as political heir
      • Anyone who was thought to be against communism was sent to camps or killed
      • Purges-enemy rivals
      • "reign of Terror"
      • Manufactured famines (Ukraine)
      • Camps
      • Executions
      • 8 million arrest
  • Homefront
    • Massive destruction
    • Implemented rationing in 1941
    • Women/children worked in factories
    • Marriage and birth rates dropped 
    • Were used to shortages
    • Leningrad
      • Sept. 1941- Jan 144
      • German army surrounded the city
      • Hunger, malnutrition, disease, cannibalism
      • 400,000 
      • 2.5 million- 2 million
      • "Road of Life" 
        • Crossed a frozen lake to try and get out of the surrounded city
      • Factory work
      • Crime went up
  • Major Battles
    • Battle of Leningrad
      • June, 22 1941
      • Lasted 872 days
      • Operation Barbarossa
      • Lake Ladoga
      • Never Surrendered
      • January 1944
      • Soviet Union win
      • 3,436, 066 casualties
    • Battle of Moscow
      • September 30, 1941
      • Part of Operation Barbarossa
      • Turning point in the war
      • January 7, 1942 ended
      • Soviet Union won
      • 650,000-1.200.000
    • Battle of Stalingrad
      • July 17, 1942
      • Major industrial and communications for Soviet Union
      • Turning point in the war
      • Stopped Germany forces advancing
      • Soviet Union won
      • Over 1 million casualties 
    • Battle of Berlin
      • April 16, 1945
      • Soviet Union attacked the Oder River
      • Took over the city
      • May 2, German generals surrendered to the Soviet Union
      • 1,298,745 casualties

Monday: Started WWII presentations

Tuesday: WWII notes 

Wednesday: WWII notes

Thursday: WWII notes

Friday: WWII notes

WWII Notes

• United States in WWII
  • Allied Powers
    • Main Powers
      • Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, China, France
    • Latin America
      • Argentina, Bolivia, México, Paraguay, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Peru
    • Europe
      • Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Greece, Norway, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Poland, San Marino, Turkey, Yugoslavia
    • Africa
      • Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, South Africa
      • Asia/Other
        • China, India, Iran, Iraq, Mongolia, Canada
  • US after WWI
    • US never signed the Treaty of Versailles
      • Wilson(Democrat) vs. Congress (REpublican controlled)
      • Join the League of Nations or go back to isolationism?
    • Republican Warren Harding won the 1920 presidential election with a promise to "Return to Normalcy"
    • The US went back to focusing on American in the 1920's and 1930's
    • Neutrality in General
      • The Neutrality Acts were passed by the US in the 1930's in response to the issues in Europe and Asia that eventually led to World War II
      • They were caused by the desire to be isolationist in the US
      • US had following WWI
      • Passed to ensure that the US would not become involved in conflicts (war)
      • US had a very strong isolationism in the past
    • US Neutrality Acts during 1930's
      • Neutrality Act of 1935- stop trading with countries at war
      • Neutrality Act of 1936-stop loaning money to countries at war
      • Neutrality Act of 1937-cash and carry system- weapons not included
      • Neutrality Act of 1939-cash and carry system-weapons included
    • Panay Incident-December 1937
      • American gunboat attacked on river in China by Japan
      • 3 U troops killed, 45 wounded
      • Japan said it was an accident apologized and paid US $$
      • Worsened US-Japanese relations
    • Bases for Destroyers
      • Passed in September, 1940 between the US and Great Britain 
      • Fifty US destroyers were given to Great Britain in exchange for land rights (for 99 years) on British colonies for naval or air base purposes
      • Newfoundland, eastern side of the Bahamas, southern coast of Jamaica, western coast of St. Lucia, west coast of Trinidad, Antigua, British Guiana and Bermuda were the areas the US received
    • End of the US Neutrality-Lend Lease Act
      • The end of neutrality for the US came with the Lend-Lease Act, passed in March 1941
      • This act allowed the U.S. to sell, lend or give war materials to nations the US wanted to support
      • US gave $50 billion($650 billion today) to Allied nations throughout the war
    • Selective Training and Service Act
      • Passed in September, 1940 and ended in 1947
      • Required that men between the ages of 21 and 35 register for the draft
      • Extended to all men aged 18 to 45 once US entered war 
      • First peacetime draft in US history
    • How did the Draft Work?
      • Numbers put in a fishbowl and picked 
      • Each person had a their own number
    • Atlantic Charter
      • Signed in August 1941 between the US (FDR) and Great Britain (Churchill)
      • Defined the Allied goals for the post war world
        • Many similarities to WIlson's 14 points
    • Pearl Harbor- December 7, 1941
      • The figured US was going to get in war
      • Japan wanted to knock up out before we got into the war
      • So er would stay out of war and force us to give oil to them
      • Backfired
      • 3 wave plan- only two were carried out
    • USS Arizona Memorial
      • The names of the Arizona's dead are engraved into the ship
  • FDR's Message
    • Pearl Harbor was not the only area Japan attacked on December 7
    • "Yesterday the Japanese Government also launched an attack against Malaya."
    • "Last night Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong>"
    • "Last night Japanese forces attacked Guam."
  • Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
    • After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan
    • Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, 1941 guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war
    • Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful
    • Only way to force US' hand was to hit them hard in a surprise attack forcing them out of the war
    • Japan knew that this plan was huge risk, but thought it was the only way to defeat US
    • Plan backfired. Instead, Japan "awake a sleeping giant"
  • Backdoor to War Conspiracy
    • Discussed as a class
• Great Britain
  • Churchill
    • Background 
      • Born November 20, 1847 and died at age of 90 in 1965
      • Was sent to boarding school near London
      • 1893 headed off to military school (after become a journalist)(age 26 published 5 books)
      • He took the place as prime minister in 1940
    • Came to Power
      • Gained more members in his conservative party
    • How he lost power
      • Attlee won all the votes in 1945 election
      • Right after he lead the allies to victory
  • Attlee
    • Came to power
      • Won the 1945 election
  • Chamberlain
    • Came to power
      • Lead Britain in the first 8 months of WWII
      • Was seen as weak gave in to the demands of Hitler and they lost respect for him
  • Major Battle Weapons/Stragegies
    • BF 109
    • BF 110
    • Bombers 
    • Hurricane Mkl
    • Pitfire Mkl
    • Strategies
      • Never surrender to the Germans
      • Surviving the German bombing campaigns be fighting the German bombers
      • Churchill idea to defeat Germany by defeating them in Africa then up through Italy
  • Major Events
    • London Naval Conference
      • 1930
      • Was the third in a series of five meetings
      • Formed with the purpose of placing limits on the naval capacity of the world's largest naval powers
    • League of Nations
      • Formed in 1920
      • Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
      • Created after the First World war to provide forum for resolving international disputes
    • World War 1 Payments
      • Germany had to pay Great Britain payments to help them repair all of the damage 
      • They had to pay Great Britain about 34 billion
      • Germany hd to the pay a total of 132 billion Reichsmarks for the damage that was done 
    • Washington Naval Conference
      • Between 1921-1922
      • The world's largest naval powers gathered in Washington, D.C. for a conference to discuss the naval disarmament and way to relieve growing tensions in East Asia
    • Munich Conference
      • September 28-29th, 1938
      • Leaders of the Great Britain, France and Italy agreed to allow Germany to annex certain areas of Czechoslovakia
    • Kellogg Briand Pact
      • 1928
      • An agreement to outlaw war
      • Signed on August 27th, 1928
      • "Pact of Paris"
  • Basic Facts
    • Alliances
      • United States
      • China
      • Soviet Union
      • Denmark
      • France Australia
      • Greece
      • Mexico
      • Belgium
      • Bolivia
      • Canada
    • Casualties
      • Military- 326,000
      • Civilian- 62,000
    • Deaths 
      • Military- 452,000
      • Civilian- 60,000
      • Allies- 44 Million Total
    • Cost
      • 1945- $120 billion
      • Would cost $1,260,------
    • War Goals
      • Stop Hitler
      • Survive
      • Win
  • Major Battles
    • The Battle of North African
      • June 10, 1940 to May 13, 1943
      • Suez Canal, oil in the middle east, and materials from Asia
      • Britain dependent on oil
    • Battle of Britain
      • July 10, 1940
      • Germany and Hitler conquered Europe
      • Great Britain was left to conquer
      • Germany was bombing Great Britain
      • Great Britain (Royal Air Force)
      • Allies won (because of the radar so the could attack Hitler become they arrived)
    • Battle of Italy
      • September 3, 1943-1944
      • U.S. Great Britain planned to invade
      • PLan was to get Italy out of the war
      • Italy surrendered, Allies won
  • People/General Who had Major Impact
    • Winston Churchill (prime minister of Britain
    • Marshal Hugh Dowding (air chief)
• Great Britain Bruns Notes
  • After World War I
    • Further expansion o the British Empire
    • The independence of Ireland
    • General strike in 1926
  • 1920's
    • Signed the 4 (Washington Naval Conference), 5, and 9 Power Pacts 
    • Joined the League of Nations
    • Signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact
    • Great Depression
      • Largest economic depression of the 20th century in UK
      • American markets crashed in 1929
      • Huge unemployment rate
  • 1930's Road to War
    • Signs of threat from Germany
    • Neville Chamberlain's policy of appeasement
  • World War II
    • War declaration of Germany in 1939
    • Winston Churchill's appointment to prime minister
    • Evacuation of British soldiers from Belgium
  • Battle of Britain (10 July- 31 October 1940)
    • Hitler wanted air superiority over Royal Air Forces and Britain 
    • The Luftwaffe targets RAF airfields and raids cities
    • The British people show great resistance to the assault
    • germany fails to destory British air defences

Monday: ABSENT DUE TO BPA

Tuesday: ABSENT DUE TO BPA

Wednesday: Worked on WWII Presentation

Thursday:  Worked on WWII Presentation

Friday:  Worked on WWII Presentation

Monday: Took the group essay part of the test

Tuesday: Started to take notes over WWII

Wednesday: Continued to take notes over WWII

Thursday:  Continued to take notes over WWII

Friday: Started to work on WWII Presentation

World War Two Notes:

• What were the two alliances during WWII?
  • Axis 
    • Three Major: Germany, Italy, Japan
    • Others:
  • Allied Powers
    • Top 5: Great Britain, U.S., France, Soviet Union, China 
    • Others: Canada, Australia 
• Leaders of the World 
  • FDR- President of United States
  • Adolf Hilter- Germany
  • Joseph Stalin(Made of steel)- Russia
  • Winston Churchill- Great Britain
  • Benito Mussolini- Italy
  • Hideki Tojo- Japan Soldier/Military Leader
  • Hirohito- Japan Emperor
• Major Players of WWII
  • Franklin Roosevelt
  • Harry Truman
  • Winston Churchill
  • Joseph Stalin
  • Adolf Hitler
  • Benito Mussolini
  • Hideki Tojo
  • Emperor Hirohito
• Treaty of Versailles
  • 1919
  • Territorial
    • The following land was taken from Germany:
      • Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
      • Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
      • Northern Schleswig (given to Belgium)
      • Hultschin (Given to Czechoslovakia)
      • West Prussia, Posen, and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
      • The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the League of Nations and people of these regions
  • Military
    • Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
    • Germany was not allowed an airforce
    • Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
    • The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of the River Phine was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ). No German soldiers or weapons was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.
  • Financial
    • The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy. Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss. Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies (GB/France).
    • Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one superstate
  • General
    • 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231- the infamous "War Guilt Clause"
    • 2. Germany, as it was responsible for starting the war as stated in clause 231, was therefore responsible for all the war damage caused by the First World War. Therefore, they had to pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France and Belgium to pay for the damage done to both countries by the war. The figure was eventually put at $33 billion .
    • 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace
• 1920's/1930's Peace Attempts
  • League of Nations
    • Worldwide peace keeping organization used to solve diplomatic issues
  • 4 Power Pact
    • Treaty signed by the United States, Great Britain, France and Japan at the Washington Naval Conference in 1921
    • Countries agreed to respect each others possessions in the Pacific and not seek further territory
  • 5 Power Pact
    • Signed by Great Britain, the United States, Japan, France, and Italy
    • Designed to prevent an arm's race
    • It limited the construction of battleships, battle cruisers, and aircraft carriers
    • Did not restrict cruisers, destroyers, or submarines
  • 9 Power Pact
    • Guaranteed Chinese independence and upheld the Open Door Policy 
    • Signed by the United States, Japan, China, France, Great Britain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, and Portugal 
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact
    • Countries that signed agreed to not go to war to settle disputes
    • Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, INdia, the Irish Free State, Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Poland, South Africa, and the United States originally signed 
    • 65 countries eventually signed it
  • London Naval Conference- 1931
    • Concerned with the agreements reached in Washington Naval Conference
    •  THe Uk, the USA, France, Italy, and Japan attended
    • All five agreed to a five-year halt on capital ship construction,tighter controls on submarine warfare, and contributions
    • The major change was in battleship tonnage, altering the ratio between Britain, the US and Japan from 5-5-3 to 10-10-7
    • All five agreed to a five-year halt on capital ship construction, tighter controls on submarine warfare, and the continuation of limits on aircraft carriers
• The Impact of the Great Depression
  • What impact did the Great Depression have on the world?

Monday- No School

Tuesday- Took notes on 1930's

Wednesday- Took notes on the 1930's

Thursday-

Friday-

Notes: 

• How did the New Deal Help....

Monday: Continued to watch 1930's presentations and took notes

Tuesday: NO SCHOOL

Wednesday: NO SCHOOL

Thursday: Finished taking notes

Friday:

Notes

1930's Notes

• 1932 Election
  • Herbert Hoover (Republican)
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)
    • "Happy Days Are Here Again"
• 1936 Election
  • Franklin D. Roosevelt (Democrat)
  • Alf Landon (Republican)
• Supreme Court Packing Issue
  • 9 Supreme court justices, FDR didn't like them (they were very Republican), called his bills unconstitutional so he couldn't get them passed
  • Wanted to pack the supreme court with guys that supported him, 1 co-justice for every justice over the age of 70. Ended up being 6 new co-justices, backfired in Roosevelt's face
  • Thought FDR was trying to upset the checks and balances
• Bonus Expeditionary Force (Bonus Army)
  • $1.25 for everyday served
  • Peaceful rally in Washington D.C.
  • Trying to get their bonus "check
  • Set up tents 
  • Day COngress came back and did not give them their checks
    • Started protesting more aggressively
    • Hoover is forcing former soldiers out 
  • MacArthur, Eisenhower, and Patton
    • MacArthur was in charge
      • "Crossed the bridge" and used tear gas
        • Ended the protesting
      • Roosevelt came out and acted like MacArthur did a good job since he achieved what he wanted to achieve
    • Eisenhower
      • Criticized MacArthur for how he treated the former soldiers
• Relief, Reform and Recovery
  • Overall Goals
    • Relief for the needy
    • Economic recovery
    • Financial reform
• Fireside Chats
  • Radio addresses that the president, Roosevelt, gave from time to time
  • People sat by the fire so they would be relaxed when he talked to them
• Deficit Spending
  • spending more money than you take in
• Priming the Pump
  • When you got water from the pump you had to pump it 6-8 times before the water came out
• The One Hundred Days
  • 15 major bills in the first few months
• Franklin D. Roosevelt Background
  • Wealthy family
  • Married his 5th cousin
  • Got involved in government before WWII
  • Ran for vice president in 1920 (democrat candidate)
  • Had polio
  • Elected president 4 times
• New Deal
  • What are some of the reasons the New Deal was challenged?
    • Created a very powerful president that led Congress, this was a violation of checks and balances.
    • It was a radical departure from Laissez Faire ideals. Created "big government".
    • Some acts appeared interfering and at worst unconstitutional
    • Heavy debt burden- the United States was engaged in deficit spending and this was unhealthy for the economy in the long run
• Senator Huey Long
  • Wanted to redistribute land from the rich and give it to the poor
  • Was a common day Robin Hood
  • Said Roosevelt wasn't doing enough
  • Shot and killed by Carl Weiss in 1935
  • Platform
    • Share-Our-Wealth
• New Deal vs. 2nd New Deal
  • New Deal
    • Restore Nation's hope
    • Help banks and stock market
    • Provide jobs and relief for poor
    • Plan and regulate the economy
  • 2nd New Deal
    • Pass new labor laws
    • Create and expand New Deal agencies
    • Establish Social Security for older people and unemployed

Monday: Took the presidential campaign test to see who we side the most with.

Tuesday: Took 1920's test. 

Wednesday: Reviewed the 1920's test and asked questions if there were any. Started 1930's video projects.

Thursday:

Friday:

1930's Notes

Causes of the Great Depression

• Overproduction of goods
• Underconsumption of goods by consumers
• Agricultural slump in 1920's due to overproduction
• High protective tariff policies of the 1920's
  • Companies couldn't sell in the U.S. nobody was buying
  • Companies couldn't sell outside of the U.S. because of tariffs
• Taxes benefiting the rich-rich got richer, poor got poorer
• Stock market crash
  • Supercharged the Great Depression
  • Lost millions of dollars
  • Banks and businesses closed
• Banks closing
  • Because they closed people lost a lot of money
  • Because of the Great Depression, they closed

The Vicious Cycle of the Great Depression

• Companies loose $$ so they lay people off
• Unemployment rate goes up and less people buy goods as income has dropped
• Companies profits fall so the have to lay more people off or close
• Cycle repeats itself

Hoovervilles

• Shanty towns on the outskirts of cities
• Called Hoovervilles because of terrible living conditions that Herbert Hoover caused them

Breadlines

• Place giving out bread, coffee, sometimes donuts
• No women, because the men provided for the family
  • Would be embarrassed, would rather be hungry and eat crackers
• Expected that the government should give them food/money

Soup Kitchens

• Put on by churches, Red Cross, rich organizations that want to help out

Hoboes Hopping Freight Trains

• Teens thought they were burdens to the family so they hopped trains and looked for jobs in different cities
• Mostly men

Selling apples

• Come in with a bunch of apples
• 2 or 3 cents an apple
• Would take it back to a place further away that doesn't have money and would sell 5 cents

Dust Bowl

• Happened in the 1935-1940
• Declared it the Great American desert 
• Irrigation in this area
• 10% less precipitation it would be a desert
• Plowed up fields and pastures due to the need of crops from the WWI
• Massive erosion due to plowing, drought, and not enough vegetation

Herbert Hoover

• Believe in the Republican Philosophy- Rugged Individualism, Trickle Down Theory, Laizifairre
• People should figure it out themselves, the government should be itself

Hoover's FIght Against the Great Depression

• Encouraged people to be patient, stay positive and volunteer to help each other
• Federal Farm Board
  • Stabilize prices and to promote the sale of agricultural products
• Norris-Laguardia Act 
  • Strengthened labor union
• Hoover Moratorium
  • One year halt on German war payments to France
  • One year on way payments from Great Britain and France to the U.S.
• Mexican Repatriation
  • Mexican immigrants were encouraged/forced to go back to Mexico
• Revenue Act of 1932
  • Increased taxes so U.S. government had $$
• Hawley-Smoot Tariff
  • Raised tariffs to record levels

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)- 1932

• Gave loans to banks, state and local government, and business' to create projects/jobs for people
• Gave states loans for emergency relief needs
• Started under Hoover
• Not as successful as Hoover had hoped
• Dissolved in 1946 after WWII

Boulder(Hoover) Dam

• Boulder Dam (now Hoover Dam) is located near Las Vegas
• The Hoover Dam project including the dam, the All-American Canal, the town of Boulder City, highways, railroads and various other wors, cost $165 million to build
• Why do you think there were a lot of dam projects in the 1930's?
  • Created money for the government, created energy, sold the energy, created jobs

Monday: Absent

Tuesday: Took notes and and watched presentations

Wednesday: Took notes and watched videos

Thursday: Took notes and watched videos

Friday: Took notes 

My notes

Entertainment

• Movies were big in the 20's 
• Silent and talky movies. They made silent films in talky's. Realized they didn't need subtitles
• Famous actors/actresses
  • Greta Garbo
  • Clara Bow
  • Charlie Chaplin
    • Portrayed Hitler later on in a movie
    • Post WWII- he was put on the blacklist of being a potential communist
    • Came back to the US to receive the lifetime achievement award
  • Rudolph Valentino 
  • Al Jolson-
  • The Marx Brothers- comedians
  • Harry Houdini- magician
  • Babe Ruth- baseball player
  • Jack Dempsey- boxer
  • Gene Tunney-boxer
  • Bill Tilden- Tennis
  • Red Grange- Football
  • F. Scott Fitzgerald- wrote the Great Gatsby (author)

Causes of the Stock Market Crash

• Stock prices were grossly inflated, did not have real value-watered stock prices
• Over Speculation during the 1920's
  • Led to watered stock
• "Buying on margin"
  • Led to people being in debt and watered stock prices
• Over production of goods
• Uneven distribution of wealth
• Too much borrowing from banks
• Federal Reserve increased interest rates
• Lack of government regulation
• Dow Jones
  • 30 largest companies in the United States
    • Boeing, Home Depot, Microsoft, Unitedhealth, Verizon, etc...
    • If the Dow Jones are doing well, the stock is doing well and vice versa 

Economy

• Buying on Credit
  • "Buy now, pay later"
  • Stocks market was booming
    • Buying on margin
• High Tariff Policy
  • What is a tariff?
  • Why did progressives want to lower tariffs in the early 1900's?
    • More competition = lower prices
  • Why did the Republicans raise tariffs in the 1920's?

Cars/Automobiles

• What impact did automobiles have on the United States?
  • Faster transportation
    • Goods, services, people
    • brings about lower transportation
    • People can move to suburbs
    • Allowed people to move away
  • Jobs
    • Rubber companies
    • Steel companies
  • Tourists attractions
    • More Vacations
  • Dating
• Other Cars
  • Model T- Ford
  • 1928 Dodge Brothers Victory 6 Deluxe
  • 1929 Buick 4-Door Sedan- David Buick
• Route 66 "The Mother Road"
• History of NASCAR

Airplanes

• Started as an entertainment device, mail carrying, small number of passenger carrying
• Charles Lindbergh "Lucky Lindy"
  • First person to fly nonstop across the Atlantic 
  • Child was kidnapped 
  • Lost his luster seemed to be on the side of Adolf Hitler
  • Racist person especially towards Jewish
  • Lost some credibility because of it
  • Hero of the 1920
• Amelia Earhart
  • First woman to fly across the Atlantic
  • First person to fly across the Pacific
  • Wanted to be the first person to fly across the world but crash landed and disappeared

The Red Scare (1919-1920)

• U.S. were afraid that communists we going to take over our country
• Communism 
• People
  • Karl Marx- communist
  • Vladimir Lenin- true marxist 
• The Palmer Raids
  • Palmer wanted to round up communists an radical and deport them. Led to violence and hysteria 
  • Sacco and Vanzetti
  • Ku Klux Klan
    • Anti-anyone that wasn't white angelic catholic

Immigration in the 1920's

• The Immigration act of 1924 (national origins Act/Asian Exclusion Act greatly reduce immigration to U.S.)
  • The law was aimed at restricting immigration of southern europeans, Eastern Europeans, and jews
  • Severely restricted the immigration of africans and prohibited the immigration of Arabs, east asians, and indians
  • The purpose of the Act was "to preserve the ideal of American homogeneity"
  • W.A.S.P

Strikes

• Main 3 Strikes
  • Boston police Strike
  • United Mine Workers
  • U.S. Steel Strike

Scopes Monkey Trial (Science vs. Religion)

• Threre was a struggle 

Monday: Started working on the video part of our project. Mr. Bruns went around the classroom and started the small quizzes throughout the group.

Tuesday: Worked on 1930's project video. 

Wednesday: Absent

Thursday: Absent

Friday: Absent

Received notes from Cassie Riley

Monday: ON BREAK

Tuesday: Mr. Bruns went over his classroom rules and expectations. 

Wednesday: Broke up into groups for 1920's and 1930's Click Here      My partner and I are in the 1930's, we have topics- 4, 6, and 13. Click Here for Research 

Thursday:

Friday:

Monday: Took notes over WWI

Tuesday: Took notes of WWI

Wednesday: Took notes over WWI and had some presentations on WWI battles for extra credit

Thursday: Watched extra credit presentations.

Friday: Worked on Semester Test Blogs. Study for Semester test

WWI Notes:

• The Homefront
  • Refers to what people did back in the US to help win the war
  • Every country has their own Homefront
• War Industries Board
  • Headed by Bernard Baruch
  • Regulated industry in U.S.
  • Encouraged mass production
  • Under the War Industries Board, industrial production in the U.S. increased 20 percent
• Food Administration
  • Headed by Herbert Hoover
  • Urged people to conserve food
  • Had "meatless days" and "wheatless days"
  • "Victory gardens" were planted by schools and homes
  • Prevented hoarding of food by people
  • "Food is Ammunition-Don't waste it"
• Propaganda
  • What is propaganda?
    • Information/newspapers  that persuades people to help with the war efforts
  • What were the goals of propaganda? 
    • To get people to help the war efforts
  • As a group, find two examples from WWI, from any country, and explain it's purpose
• Committee on Public Information
  • George Creel
  • Goal was to influence U.S. public opinion to support World War I in their own war
  • Had a huge propaganda campaign to do so 
  • The committee used newsprint, posters, radio, telegraph and movies to broadcast its message 
  • Americanized German words:
    • German Measles-liberty measles
    • Hamburger liberty steak
    • Sauerkraut=liberty cabbage
• National War Labor Board
  • Settled disputes between workers and employers
  • Discouraged strikes 
  • "Work or fight"
  • Headed by William H. Taft'

• Both Military and Civilian
  • Deaths: 16.5 million
  • Wounded: 20 million
  • Total WWI Casualties: 35 million +
• Military
  • Deaths: 9.7 million
  • Wounded: 21.2 million
  • Prisoners of War and Missing Soldiers: 7.5 million

• The Paris Peace Conference
  • The meeting of the Allied victors following the end of the WWI to set the peace terms for Germany and other defeated nations
  • It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 29 countries
  • They came up with series of treaties ("Peace of Paris") that reshaped the map of Europe and imposed penalties on Germany
• Big Four Countries
  • Italy
  • France
  • Great Britain
  • U.S.
• Wilson's 14 Points
  • The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered by President Woodrow Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918
  • The speech became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919
  • Other Allied countries did not like the 14 Points as the thought it was too easy on Germany
  • The actual Treaty of Versailles had little to do with the Fourteen POints and so war never ratified by the U.S. Senate
  • Fourteen Points
    • An end to secret treaties
    • Freedom of the seas
    • Free trade for all countries
    • Disarmament
    • End to colonial claims
    • Self-determination for all countries-Russia
    • Restoration of Belgium
    • Restoration of France
    • Readjustment of Italy's boundaries
    • Austria-Hungary would be given opportunity for autonomous development
    • Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated and restored
    • Turkey should be sovereign (independent)
    • Poland would be given their independence
    •  The "League of Nations" would be developed
  • Treaty of Versailles
    • Territorial Losses
    • The following land was taken away from Germany:
      • Alsace-Lorraine (given to France)
      • Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium)
      • Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark)
      • Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)
      • West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland)
      • The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of The League of Nations and the people of these regions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum
      • The League of Nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies
    • Military Losses
      • Germany's army was reduce to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks 
      • Germany was not allowed an airforce
      • Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
      • The Rhineland area was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ.) No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The Allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years. 
    • Financial Losses
      • The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy. Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss.
      • Germany had to pay $33 billion in war reparations
      •  Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to form one country
    • General
      • Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231- the infamous "War Guilt Clause"
      • Germany had to accept the war guilt clause and take blame for WWI
      • A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.
        • A worldwide peacekeeping organization
• League of Nations
  • Five permanent members
    • Great Britain 
    • France
    • Italy
    • United States
    • Japan
  • Four Non-permanent members that rotated
  • All members must submit disputes for investigation, arbitration and settlement
  • If member nation ignored, League could take action
  • What type of actions?
    • Economic sanction
      • Quit trading with a different country to have them back down from what they did or are planning
  • France wanted an international army but U.S. and Great Britain did not
  • Germany and the Soviet Union were not allowed to join right away
  • U.S. never joined why?
    • We wanted to go back to isolationism
    • Republican thought it would pull U.S. into European wars
    • Congress was concerned it would lose it's power to declare war if we joined
• US Never Passes the Treaty of Versailles- Why Not?
  • Concern over the League of Nations
  • Politics
  • U.S. signed the U.S.- German Peace Treaty in 1921

Monday: Took notes on WWI

Tuesday: Took notes on WWI

Wednesday: Worked on Semester test blogs/test

Thursday: Received extra credit from Iowa Assessments, took notes on WWI

Friday:

WWI Notes

Extra Credit Opportunity- (10 points)

Research a battle of WWI and create a Powerpoint on it focusing on the following information (Delve deep into the subject to get full credit)

• Who fought
• Date(s)
• Where was the battle
• Casualties
• Who won 
• Why was the battle significant
• Major Generals
• How many persons fought in it
• Be sure to include maps, pictures and your sources

Class Notes

• Allied Powers- Good guys (United States, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, France, Belgium, etc...)
• Central Powers- enemy (Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, etc...)
• Neutral Countries

• Famous Leaders
  • Kaiser Wilhelm- Germany
  • Czar Nicholas- Russia
• Characteristics of Europe Late 1800's and Early 1900's (Key Question #1)
  • Very nationalistic
  • Willing to go to war to protect interest and national honor
  • Industrialization was occurring
  • Population was increasing
  • People were moving from rural areas to the city-urbanization
    • People were moving into cities
    • Allowed militarism (people joined the military)
  • Many people were in poverty
  • Due to poverty, many people turned to labor unions and socialism
  • Countries competed with one another for markets, raw materials and colonies
  • Countries also traded a lot with each other
  • Imperialism became common
    • created "spheres of influence" in Africa and Asia
  • Alliance developed
    • Triple Alliance
      • Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
      • (Italy ends up joining the Triple Entente)
    • Triple Entente
      • Great Britain, France and Russia
    • Armies and navies were built up (militarism)
• Causes of WWI
  • M.I.N.E.S(A).
    • Militarism
      • Building up of a military
    • Imperialism
      • Colonizing in Africa
      • More land more resources more money
      • Land disputes
    • Nationalism
      • Thought they were the best in the world
      • Deep rooted belief they were the best
      • One up one another
      • Big ego
    • Economic Competition
      • Great Britain, France and Germany (among others) were competing worldwide for colonies, natural resources, and markets
    • Alliances
      • Countries that you form bonds with to protect you in the time of war
      • When countries start to form alliances, they all have to pair up for protection
      • Formed because there was no trust between countries

• Chain of Events

• • A. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
  • B. Austria-Hungary sends ultimatum to Serbia
  • C. Serbia refuses to accept ultimatum
  • D. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
    • Only after Germany gives them a promise of support
  • E. Russia mobilizes to support Serbia
  • F. Germany declares war on Russia
    • Hoped to knock Russia out of war quickly to avoid two-fronted war?
      • Why would Germany want to avoid a two-fronted war
        • Russia on one side and France on the other. The army would be stretched thin half on one half on the other
  • G. France enters war to help Russia
  • Great Britain enters war to help France after Germany attacks France through neutral Belgium
• World War I Goals
  • There weren't any real goals at first, but as time went on and casualties ad costs increased, winning territory was a must
  • France
    • Regain ALsace and LOrraine from Germany
    • Get the Saar Basin from Germany (rich in coal)
    • Create and independent Rhineland to create a buffer area between France and Germany
    • Cripple Germany's military
    • Get German colonies in Africa
    • Get Turkish colonies in the Mid-East
  • Great Britain
    • Get German colonies in Africa
    • Get Turkish colonies in the Mid-East 
  • Italy
    • Wanted land from Austria-Hungary
  • russia
    • wanted control of the Dardenelle and Bosporus Straits in Turkey
  • Austria-Hungary
    • Self preservation
  • Germany
    • Wanted part of France
    • Wanted Luxembourg and Belgium
    • Wanted most of western Russia
    • Make Austria-Hungary and the Balkans a "Sphere of influence"
    • Take over French and British colonies in Africa
  • United States
    • win and end the war
    • Wilson's 14 points

• The Von Schlieffen (Germany's war Plan going up through Belgium)
  • Called to avoid a two sided war
  • Invaded France through Belgium

• Three Types of Trenches
  • Front Line
  • Support
  • Reserve
  • "No Man's Land"
    • Don't want to be in this area
    • Barbed wire 
      • Slows down offensive attackers
• Trench Weapons
  • Bayonets
  • Flamethrowers
  • Pineapple grenade 
  • Pistols
    • German Luger
    • US Colt
  • Machine Guns
    • US Browning M1917
  • Gas Warfare- Terror weapon
    • Lachrymator (tear gas)
      • Blinds you
    • Asphyxiant (Chlorine gas)
      • Causes internal bleeding
      • Poisonous 
    • Blistering agent (mustard gas)
      • attacks exposed skin
      • Blisters skin and internal bleeding
  • Tanks
    • British "Little Willie" Tank
    • French Renault Light Tank
  • Artillery (Took out lots of cities)
    • German Krupp RR Gun
    • German "Big Bertha"
    • Us "Calamity Jane Howitzer"
  • Submarines/U-boats
    • German U-Boats
    • US Subs
  • Zeppelins
    • Blimps
    • Used from spying and bombing
  • Battleships
    • USS Texas
    • USS South Carolina
    • Floating mines took out ships
    • Depth charges
      • Bombed submarines by forcing bombs to explode underwater 
  • Airplanes (used for lots of dog fighting and spying)
    • SPAD XII
    • Sopwith Pup
    • Famous Dude
      • Baron Manfred von Richtofen from Germany
        • "The Red Baron"
  • Animals at War
    • Used dogs to test gas masks

• Turkish Massacre of Armenians
  • 100,000 thousand were killed
  • Ethnic cleansing

• Neutrality (Not picking sides, in the middle)
  • President Wilson declared that the U.S. was to be neutral when WWI broke out
    • "Impartial in thought as well as in action"
    • Neutrality was successful for three year 
  • Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)- Incumbent
  • Charles Evans Hughes (Republican)
  • Wilson won
    • Platform was: "He kept out of war"
• Causes for U.S. involvement in WWI
  • Great Britain and Germany were both stopping U.S. ships
    • Eventually, U.S> drew closer to war and the Allies
    • WHY?
    • German sinking of British ships and killing of U.S. citizens
      • Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
    • Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare
  • Sussex Pledge
    • President Wilson to Germany: "End the attack on unarmed ships or risk the severing of diplomatic relations"
    • Germany responded on May 4, 1916 with the "Sussex Pledge." Germany submarine policy:
      • end the sinking of passenger ships
      • search merchant ships for contraband and make provisions for passengers and crews before sinking merchant ships
    • The German guarantees were generally honored until the announcement of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917
  • The Zimmerman Note
    • In summary, Germany tried to get Mexico to declare war on the United States
    • Germany promised Mexico that the would get the Mexican Cession back if the won
    • Germany wanted to keep the US out of Europe
  • Beliefs of War Hanks
    • Teddy Roosevelt
  • Trade with England increased,
    • Trade with Germany decreased as years went on
    • $3 billion in 1916 with England
  • British and American Propaganda
  • Preparedness Program (1915)
    • U.S. started arming and preparing for war
  • American Business
    • Munitions business pushed U.S. into war to make money

Key Questions

Be able to identify characteristics of Europe in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s

•Be able to identify the main causes of WWI and how they led to war

•Be able to identify the countries of Europe during WWI and what alliance they belonged to

•Be able to explain what and where the Powderkeg of Europe is and why it was called that

•Be able to identify the event that started WWI

•Be able to identify the goals of the war for countries involved

•Be able to describe what fighting was like in WWI

•Be able to identify the US policy that Wilson declared when WWI broke out in 1914

•Be able to identify why the US was drawn into war and why we drew closer to the Allied Powers

•Be able to analyze WWI propaganda, identify it goals and evaluate the effectiveness of it

•Be able to identify how the convoy system works and the effectiveness of it

•Be able to identify the importance of key people: Woodrow Wilson, Charles Evans Hughes, John Pershing, Ferdinand Foch, Bernard Baruch, Herbert Hoover, George Creel

•Be able to identify the costs of the war: US and grand total

•Be able to identify the actions we took at home to mobilize our country for war

•Be able to define what the Paris Peace Conference was

•Be able to describe Wilson’s 14 Points

•Be able to describe the Treaty of Versailles in detail and the impact it had on Germany and Europe

•Be able to describe why the US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles

Semester Test Blog-10 points

10% of your semester test grade is based on your semester test blog.

Monday: No School (bad weather conditions)

Tuesday: Forum post leaders briefed us in on their topics... We continued notes on chapter 10... Chapters 9 and 10 Test tomorrow

Wednesday: Test

Thursday: Test

Friday: Test 

Notes:

Chapter 10-4

• Dollar Diplomacy-President Taft
  • Definition- President Taft's policy of encouraging Americans to invest in Latin America
  • Using the US government to guarantee loans to foreign countries by US banks and businesses
  • Economic imperialism
  • US banks were in control of many businesses in Latin America
  • US said it was needed to keep European powers out of Latin America
  • "Substituting dollars for bullets"
• President Woodrow Wilson
  • Wilson's ethical and religious beliefs also influenced his foreign policy
  • Practiced "missionary diplomacy"
    • US would not recognize any government that was oppressive, undemocratic and hostile toward the US
    • Used extensively in Latin America
    • Ex. Back then when Huerta became Mexican President through killing
  • Pancho Villa-Mexican (Expedition 1916-17)
    • Villa was pro-American at first but soon changed after President Carranza asked US to control Mexican mines
    • Killed dozens of US citizens on two different occasions (once on US soil)
    • President Wilson ordered General John Pershing (and 15,000 troops) to go into Mexico and capture Villa
    • Eventually, the Mexican Army clashed with Pershing's forces
    • By 1917, both sides backed down(WWI)

Monday: I was absent but received notes from Kara Rueschenberg

Tuesday: Took notes on Chapter 2 and 3

Wednesday: Watched a small video on Thanksgiving. Finished taking notes on Chapter 10-4

Thursday: No School Thanksgiving

Friday: No School Thanksgiving Break

Notes

• Domestic Policy v. Foreign Policy
• Key Terms:
  • Protectorate: a country that is being controlled or protected by another larger, stronger country
  • Diplomacy: the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad, settling disputes peacefully through discussion
  • Imperialism: a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force, one country takes over a weaker country, building an empire
  • Militarism: the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests, having a strong military and using it to get what the country wants
  • Nationalism: patriotic feeling, principles, or efforts, patriotism (sometimes extreme), pride in your country
  • Sphere of Influence: a country or area in which another country has power to affect developments although it has no formal authority, similar to a protectorate, one country is not completely taken over, just controlled 
  • Arbitration: the use of an arbitrator to settle a dispute, using a higher power to settle an argument 
• Old Diplomacy
  • 1780's-1900/WWII
  • Non interventionist 
    • the US did not intervene in foreign affairs, especially in Europe's 
  • Isolationist
    • the US acted alone in foreign affairs as compared to working with other nations
  • Passive and reactive
    • the US waited for events to occur and then acted accordingly 
  • Weak army and navy 
  • We had our own issues to deal with (building our government, moving west, civil war, canals, schools, railroads)
• New Diplomacy
  • Imperialistic
    • going out and conquering territory to create an empire
    • Alfred Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, Teddy Roosevelt 
  • Stronger army and navy
  • Interventionist (especially in Central and South America)
    • becoming more involved in other countries' affairs
    • Monroe Doctrine
  • Strong Nationalism
    • having strong pride and confidence in one's country 
• Imperialism became very common with the major powers of the world
• Which countries were the most powerful in 1900?
  • Great Britain
  • Germany
  • France
  • Austria-Hungary
  • Italy
  • Russia
  • United States
  • Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
  • Japan
  • Spain
• In the early 1900's, the entire world (outside of the Western Hemisphere) was ruled by powerful European countries
• In 1914, all but two countries in Africa were owned by the major powers
• Asia was also mostly controlled by the major powers 
• However, Latin America was mostly independent by 1830, the United States was kind of stepping in to be their "big brother" (Sphere of Influence)
• Why did the US and other countries look to imperialism?
  • Brings military power and prestige to your country
  • Naval bases and refueling stations
  • Money for natural resources as well as opening new markets to sell your goods (trade)
  • Belief in cultural superiority- White Man's Burden
    • It was a white man's burden to help and educate darker skinned people because we thought darker skinned people were unable and uncivilized 
    • People thought colored people were not smart and were childlike

Chapter 10.2- The Spanish American War

• By 1900, Spain was a dwindling empire
  • Land that Spain owned: Philippines, Guam, Cuba, Puerto Rice, and a few colonies in Africa (Morocco and Western Sahara)
• The US had been interested in Cuba for a long time
  • US tried to buy Cuba in 1854
• Cubans had been revolting against Spain frequently (1868, 1878, 1886, 1895) wanting independence
• Many felt sorry for Cuban people
• What caused an increase in tension between the United States and Spain?
  • In 1895 civil war broke out in Cuba between Spain and the Cubans
  • The conflict was described "bloody and brutal"
  • Newspapers (Yellow Press) reported the brutality of the Spanish General Weyler
    • The New York Journal reports "...blood on the roadsides, blood in the villages, blood, blood, blood!"
    • Newspapers would sometimes stretch the truth in order to sell newspapers
    • Journalists wanted war because that would sell newspapers and they were imperialists (wanted more land)
    • American newspapers were clearly pushing the nation towards intervention in the Cuban situation
    • William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer
      • Hearst Publishing publishes newspapers still today
      • Pulitzer is an award given to journalists
• Causes of Spanish-American War
  • The USS Maine sinking (the main reason we went to war)
    • We thought that Spain sank it and the newspapers said they did, but we later found out it was an internal explosion and an accident on our part
    • February 15, 1898
  • The Yellow Press
    • Instigated the war
    • United the general public to want war with Spain
    • Made people feel sorry for the Cubans 
  • Butcher Weyler and his treatment of Cubans in the concentration camps
    • General Valeriano "The Butcher" Weyler
    • The Yellow Press made it look like Weyler was killing Cubans in concentration camps
    • Made people feel bad for the Cubans
  • The De Lome Letter
    • Letter written from Spain to McKinley, insulting him
    • Letter was printed in the newspapers 
  • Jose Marti's destruction of US property in Cuba- making it look as though Spain did it
    • Believed that Cuba needed help fro
    • m the US 
    • American citizens owned property in Cuba, and he started destroying it but made it look like the Spanish had done it
    • This made the Americans mad and would make us want to get in the war against Spain
  • To help the Cubans get independence
  • McKinley wanted to avoid war with Spain, so others thought of him as weak, he eventually gives in and starts preparing for war
• Declaration of War and the Teller Amendment
  • On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain
  • Teller Amendment was added to the declaration of war against Spain
  • Guaranteed Cuban independence after the war was over 
• The Spanish American War is not the Mexican American War 
• This war was fought on islands 

• Declaration of War and the Teller Amendment
  • On April 25, 1898 the United States declared war on Spain
  • Discuss imperialists vs. anti-imperialists in US
  • Teller Amendment was added to the declaration of war against Spain
  • Guaranteed Cuban independence after the war was over 
  • Guess what the US did instead?
• Fronts in the Spanish-American War
  • Philippines 
    • Capital- Manilla
    • Emilio Aguinaldo- Philippine resistance leader 
  • Cuba
    • Rough Riders
      • Regiment of volunteers (former football players, college athletes, police officers, etc...)
      • Lead by Teddy Roosevelt
      • Major General Leonard Wood
    • "Splendid Little War"
      • Took little time
      • Received a lot of land
      • Very few casualties 
    • Treaty of Paris-1898
      • Brought an official end to the war
      • Spain gave Cuba independence (kind of)
• Misc/
  • The US my was not prepared to fight this war- The Navy was excellent
  • Roughly 3000 US soldiers died in the war- Only 385 battle deaths-2500 died due to disease
  • Lasted April 25-August 12, 1898
  • US became an empire for the first time in our history

Ch. 10-3 Acquiring New Lands

• Puerto Rico
  • In plebiscites held in 1967, 1993, and 1998, voters chose to retain commonwealth status
  • In 2012, the majority of Puerto Ricans voted for state-hood- It is now up to Congress
  • Puerto Ricans were granted US citizenship in 1917
  • Popularly-elected governors have served since 11948
  • in 1952, a constitution was enacted providing for internal self government
• Cuba
  • in 1898, Spain gave control of Cuba to the United States with the Treaty of Paris. 
  • 1902, the United States granted Cuba its independence as promised with the Teller Amendment
  • The US retained the right of intervene to preserve Cuban independence and stability with the PLatt Amendment
  • The US got control of Guantanamo Bay as well of naval  base we still have control of today
  • In 1934, the PLatt Amendment was repealed 
  • 1 of the 5 communist countries 
  • Raul Casterual
• Philippines
  • White man's dilemma
    • Annex them or independence
  • Emilio Aguinaldo 
    • Declared Philippine independence from Spain on June 12, 1898  
    • After the Spanish-American War, the US took over the islands for 20 million in the 1898 Treaty of Paris
    • Philippine-American War
    • The Philippine -American War broke out after the Filipinos realized that the US would not give them independence
    • It ended with American control over the islands
    •  12,000-20,000 Filipinos soldiers dead
    • 200,0000-1.5 million Filipino civilians die- SOme contend US committed genocide 
    • 4,165 US soldiers dead
    • 1935, the Philippines was granted COmmonwealth Status
    • Plans for independence over the next decade were interrupted by World War II when the Japanese invaded and took them over
    • Allied troops defeated the Japanese in 1945\
• China
  • By the late 1800's, it was looking as if China would be carved up like Africa had been
  • China wanted to prevent this from happening
  • The Boxer REbellion
    • Rebelled against the foreign devils
    • They lost

Chapter 10-4

• Teddy Roosevelt Presidency
  • Assumed Presidency after McKinley was killed
  • Roosevelt the Peacemaker
    • Ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 
    • Won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts 
    • Panama Canal
      • Connects North and South America
      • Why do we want a canal?
        • So we don't have to sail around thousands of miles of land. Go straight through
      • A canal across Panama had been desired for a long time Why?
        • France had started constructing a canal but gave up due to costs and disease
        • In 1903, U.S. buys French company's route for $40 million
        • Before starting, U.S. had to get permission from Colombia which controlled Panama
        • Colombia refused  to allow US entry 
        • With support from the US, Panama revolted against Colombia
        • On November 3, 1903, Panama declared independence from Colombia
        • US and Panama then signed canal deal where US would pay $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000This action greatly u
      • What are some of the challenges we faced building it?
        • One of the biggest engineering undertakings ever
        • Had to fight disease (yellow fever and malaria)
        • Soft, volcanic soil made it difficult to remove
        • Over 43,000 workers helped build canal 
        • 5,600 workers died
        • Cost US $380 million
    • Roosevelt Corollary
      • It was an addition to the Monroe Doctrine
        • Warning to Europe to stay out of the Western Hemisphere
        • Said that the US would be the police officer between Latin America and Europe
        • The US would use force to protect interests in Latin America
      • Big Stick Diplomacy
        • "Speak softly and carry a big stick" or "Big Stick" Diplomacy
          • What does this mean?
            • We are very strong and are the International police officer, come to us we will deal with the problems
              • ar Diplomacy-