1. Students will understand the impact the Industrial Revolution had on the United States.
Social Darwinism- weak will die out; strong will survive.
It caused people to really move away from agriculture and become much more industry focused. It became necessary to have “Captains of Industry” that are very wealthy like John D. Rockefeller(oil) and Andrew Carnegie(steel) so they could put up the millions of dollars that it takes to put up these businesses which would then employ people. Many farmers would come in from the countryside to work in these factories. With this growing population in the cities, the business owners took advantage of the people and forced them into low wages and long hours because they knew that they needed to work to earn money. The other people who came in and worked for low wages was the immigrants. The immigrants sometimes took the jobs of Americans because they worked for less. And this led to labor unions. The government at this time believed in laisez faire which meant letting the government do as they please.
Also, during this time period, oil was discovered as a source of energy and widely fueled our country by the 1800s. Also the Bessemer Process allowed the making of steel to be easy and cheap. This helped because steel was much cheaper and stronger than iron and they were able to build buildings much higher which led to further needs which led to further inventions such as the elevator. Tall buildings allowed businesses to gain office space when land became really expensive do to over population. Also railroads were used to transport goods to and from factories. Another impacting invention was the light bulb. An interesting fact is that he did not exactly invent the light bulb, but he made it usable. Another invention was invented by Christopher Sholes which transformed business by transforming info into these typewriters. Alexander Gram Bell and Thomas Watson invented the telephone that allowed people to communicate instantaneously with anyone around the world. George Weston Kouse made electricity safer and less expensive.
Railroads were a major part of history. They allowed people to transport goods and people more quickly. This brought prices down on goods and more cities were starting up. Railroads helped with bringing people out west. Though these have some positive aspects they have many negative aspects too. The disturbed the Native American way of life and overcharged farmers resulting in them being more in debt. Grangers were a group of people who fought this railroad abuse. Some of the benefits that they got for their efforts were max railroad rates, Munn vs. Illinois Act (ruled against railroad), Interstate Commerce Act( set up an interstae commerce commision that watched over railroads to make sure they are being fair.
2. Students will understand the impact immigration and urbanization had on the United States.
Immigrants were taking jobs and keeping wages low which hurt the labor union who was working to get better wages. The factory owners would simply fire the workers and hire immigrants. Yet there was a lot of racism. The problems with immigrants led to the passing of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which band the entry of all Chinese with some exeptions such as teachers, students, government officials, etc. Another act that was passed because of the immigrants was the Gentlemen’s Agreemant, which was an agreement that limited the amount of unskilled workers from Japan in the US. In return, San Francisco would stop segregating Japanese students from their schools. Also the immigrants were responsible for the creation of the Klu Klux Klan- which was a group of people that were anti- African American and anti- anybody who was not white, Anglo, Saxon, or protestant. Plus the immigrants caused a lot of racism. With all the immigrants coming in, the population really started to grow.
Immigrants contributed to the massive increase in population within the city. This over- population in the cities led to a lot of problems. Common, lower class people had bad housing. They lived in tenements that were often overcrowded and shared with many families and didn’t have a lot of windows, but got them eventually for air ventilation purposes. People threw garbage out the windows, which led to an incredibly terribly stench so the people of the tenements bordered their windows to keep the stench out. Sometimes the would bring hogs to clean up the mess. On top of that. The main source of transportation was horses and they pooped all over the streets. Another major immpact was unclean drinking water that gave people diseases such as Colerain Tifoy Fever. Another issue that made the place stinky was lack of indoor plumbing, so if you had to go you went outside. Cities were super dark at night which led to pick- pockets and thieves. At this point in time cities were made of wood which led to a lot of fires breaking out. Though things were gross back them, this was necessary because it forced people to recognize needs and eventually cities became more modern.
3. Students will understand the impact of the Progressive Era on the United States.
TR. He believed that there were good trusts and bad trusts. He worked to eliminate bad trusts that would hurt the common person. He had settled the 1902 Coal Strike and that was the first time a president backed the strikers rather than the owners. He also fought against railroads by establishing the Elkins Act which eliminated the rebate system. Also he passed the Hepern Act which set max railroad rates. He passed the Meat Inspection Act which required government to inspect meat. He passed the Pure Food and Drug Act which required truthful labeling of food and drugs. He passed the Newlands Act which sold land and use that money to set up irrigation systems in dry areas out west. Plus he set aside 148 million acres in forest reserves, 50 wildlife sanctuaries.
Taft. He broke up even more trusts than TR. He broke up all trusts, not just good and bad. He passed graduated income tax(16th) ammendment. He also passed the Paint Aldriff Tariff that was meant to lower tariffs but actually raised them. He undid a lot of things that TR had worked for which made TR mad at him.
Wilson. He established the Clayton- Antitrust Act which strengthened the Sherman Antitrust act and allowed labor unions to exist. Also, the Fedral Trade Commission was brought up during his presidency. The FTC made sure businesses weren’t forming monopolies or performing other illegal activities. His biggest accomplishment was the Federal Reserve System which set up Federal Reserve banks that were referred to as “the bankers bank” and made banking safer. He also established the 17th amendment (direct election of US Senators), 18th amendment (prohibition), 19th amendment (women’s right to vote). He also set up missionary diplomacy which means the US would refuse to recognize any government that was not friendly with US. He also reinstated segregation within Washington DC.
Old Diplomacy. Beginning of our history until the late 1800s. We were not interventionist, we kept to ourselves. We were isolationist.
New Diplomacy. We became imperialistic and interventionist. Monroe doctrine. Which told Europeans to stay out of Latin America. They would have to deal with us. The Roosevelt corollary added to this. Europe had to go through us before making relations with Latin America
Big Stick Diplomacy. “speak softly carry the big stick” stick is our military. Other countries respected our power
Dollar Diplomacy. Tafts way of economically taking over other countries
4. Students will understand the impact imperialism had on the United States and world.
The US gained Alaska for 7.2 million dollars which was about 2 cents per acre. William Henry Seward was the person who worked to purchase this land and people nicknamed it Seward’s folly because people thought it was a joke to buy it because they thought all that was to it was ice and snow. But later they were proved wrong when the US thrived from the discovery of oil and gold in Alaska. Alaska was also good for tourism and fishing.
We annexed Hawaii. It was a big business opportunity for sugar cane plantations. Eventually, Hawaii was made part of the US. US thrived off of the tourism and resources that Hawaii provided.
The Spanish American War. US went into the war because of the yellow press pressuring president McKinley and because of the imperialistic fever in our country. During this war for colonies, the navy really shined. They easily defeated the Spanish navy both in the Phillipeans and in the Caribbean. Although the Navy was good, the army was bad and many people died due to lack of preparation. 3,000 died in this war but only 385 were actually killed by Spanish. Luckily Spanish was even worse. John Hay referred to this war as “a splendid little war” for many reasons, but the imperialistic reason was that US received Phillipeans, Gwam, and Puerto Rico for only 40 million dollars from the Spanish. Cuba got their independence and a lot of anti- imperialists in our country vowed that they would declare war if we were too try to take over Cuba. Plus the Platt Amendment that had given Cuba their independence had strings attached.
After 400 years of Spanish control, we took over Puerto Rico.US had gained control over the military in Puerto Rico, but then the Foreker Act was established to give Puerto Ricans the right to choose at least some of their own government officials
Even though Cuba had gotten independence, we got Guantanamo Bay which is a naval base in Cuba. Cuba became a place where the rich and famous went for vacation. Fidel Castro, ruler of Cuba, made Cuba communist. So, US tried to overthrow Fidel Castro. Soviet Union put missiles in Cuba to protect it. This is the closest we came to a nuclear war.
US imperialized over the Phillipeans. Emilio Aguinaldo was our ally in the Spanish American war because he thought if we gave Cuba independence we would do the same for them. When Aguinaldo found out that this was false hope, he turned against us but he was put down and we got control.
China Open Door Policy between us, Great Britain, France, and Germany saying no country was allowed to imperialize over China so that it would remain open for trade for all of us.
We bought the Panama Canal which made the world a smaller place.
5. Students will understand the political, social and economic changes that occurred in the 1920’s in the United States. (Ch. 12-13)
-Roaring 20's-entertainment
Radios, TVs, flagpole sitting, flappers, jazz
-Red Scare
a time in history when the US was fearful of communists, radicals, and socialists.
THe father of communism was Carl Marks and Friedrich Engles
People were attracted to commnism is because it gave the poor the chance to overthrow the rich and everyone would be equal.
Vladimir Lenin was the leader of the Soviet Union.
-Republican Domination
W. G. Harding- he died during his presidency. WWI had just ended. Harding wanted to return to isolationism under normalcy.
Calvin Coolidge-he was the super popular president in the 1920s
Hoover-shortly after he went into office the economic downfall happened such as the Great Depression
This became known as the "do nothing" decade. The economic downfall that happened later was blamed on the "do nothing" philosophy of the 1920s decade
Laissez faire- it means government should stay out of business. They thought business of America is what made our country tick and just wanted to leave the businesses alone. Basically the government should just let businesses do as they please
Trickle Down Theory- the prosperity of the rich would trickle down and help the poor prosper.
-War Prevention
4 Power Treaty: US, GB, France, Japan
-each country would respect each other’s possessions in the Pacific
5 Power Treaty:
-Same as the 4 power treaty plus italy
-freeze navies at 1921 levels
9 Power Treaty:
- same as 5 Power Treaty plus Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium, and China
-keep open door in China
-promised chinese independence
all of the treaties came from the Washingtom Naval Conference
Kellogg-Briand Pact
said that countries would not use war to settle disputes: outlawed war
League of Nations; world wide peace keeping organization designed to settle disputes between countries
-Automobile/Airplane
Route 66- "The Mother Road" took people from east to west very easily.
-Henry Ford invented the car.
-Ford paid workers well
-Model T was the popular automobile in the 1920s
-automobiles revolutionized how people could live: stuff that became popular was vacations, movies, dates
- This decade was the first time planes were used for passenger flights
- People became popular for flights
-Charles Lindberg was famous for his flight for going non-stop across the Atlantic Ocean
- Amelia Airhart was the first women to fly across the Atlantic Ocean and was going to be the first person around the world but got lost in the Pacific Ocean
-Prohibition
18th ammendment band consumption of alcohol and selling; prescriptions and sacramental wine orders skyrocketed and some churches may have even sold alcohol illegally. People could not understand why this had became a law because they grew up with it, the law was broken daily. it led to a lot of crime. it was a failed law. People made millions of dollars selling alcohol illegally, Prohibition broughnt about organized crime.
-progressive women worked to pass this amendment
-speakeasies were places to go to illegally consume alcohol
-organized crime became popular
-Volstead act worked to strengthen prohibition but didn’t really help
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