October 3 (Monday)- Talked about forum posts and extra credit. Talked about when there's probably going to be a test. Notes from 1& 2 continued here. Notes from 3, 4, 5 below.
October 4 (Tuesday)- Continued notes from Mr. Bruns.
October 5 (Wednesday)- Continued notes from Mr. Bruns.
October 6 (Thursday)- Continued notes from Mr. Bruns.
October 7 (Friday)- Continued notes from Mr. Bruns and reviewed.
Chapter 5.3 Key Terms
- Direct Democracy
- Classical art
- Tragedy
- Comedy
- Peloponnesian War
- Socrates
- Plato
- Aristotle
The Golden Age of Athens
- 477-431 BC
- Came about after Greece defeated the Persians
- Drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture, and science flourished
- Also known as the "Age of Pericles"
- Led Athens in the Peloponnessian War
Pericles' Plan for Athens (461-429 BC)
Three Goals for Athens
- Strengthen Athenian Democracy
- Hold and Strengthen the Empire
- Glorify Athens
Goal 1. Stronger Democracy
- Increased the number of paid government jobs which benefitted people who were not wealthy
- Instituted direct democracy
- Citizens rule directly and not through elected representatives
Goal 2. Strengthen the Empire
- Helped establish and eventually led the Delian League after the Persian Wars
- Alliance of Greek city-state
- Grew Athens navy
- Started dominating other city-states which led to conflicts
Goal 3. Glorify Athens
- Used money from the Delian League to buy gold, marble and ivory
- Used money from the Delian League to hire artists, architects, and workers to build buildings and schulptures
- Phidias was hired to build the Parthenon
- Greek sculptors focused on beauty, not realism
- Classical art focus on simplicity and being well proportioned
Greek Drama- Tragedy and Comedy
- A tragedy was a serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war, or betrayal
- The hero usually was an important person and often gifted with extraordinary abilities
- A tragic flaw usually caused the hero's downfall, usually excessive pride
- Sophocles wrote Oedipus the King, a famous tragedy
- A comedy contained scenes filled with humor
- Playwrights often made fun of politics and respected people and ideas of the time
- Aristophanes was a famous writer of comedies
- The fact that Athenians could listen to criticism of themselves showed the freedom that existed in democratic Athens
The Start of the Greatest Subject in Recorded History
- History
- Herodotus pioneered the accurate reporting of events
- Thucydides believed that certain types of events and political situations recur over time
- Studying thos events and situations would aid in understanding the present
- The approaches Thucydides used in his work still guide historians today
Peloponnesian War 431-404 BC
- Fought between Athens and Sparta
- Came about as a result of Sparta not liking Athens growth of wealth and power in the area
- Athens was acting like a bully
- Sparta had a better army, Athens had a better navy
- With the help of a plague that hit Athens, Sparta eventually won
Rise of the Philosophers
- A philosopher is someone who tries to explain the nature of life
- After losing to Sparta in the Peloponnesian War, people in Athens turned to philosophers for answers
- Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
Socrates 470-399 BC
- Socrates was a philosopher of Ancient Greece
- Socrates taught by asking questions
- This method of questioning is still called the Socratic method
- Put on trial and found guilty for "corrupting the youth of Athens"
- Put to death- hemlock
- "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance"
Plato 427- 347 BC
- Plato was a student of Socrates
- He started a school called The Academy that lasted 900 years
- Wrote The Republic
- The book talked about a perfectly governed society- not a democracy
- In his ideal society, all citizens would fall naturally into three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class
- The person with the greatest intellect from the ruling class would be chosen king
Aristotle 384- 322 BC
- Aristotle was a student of Plato
- He wrote about science, art, law, poetry, government, etc.
- Taught Alexander the Great
- "He who studies how things originated will achieve the clearest view of them."
Chapter 5.4 Key Terms
- Philip II
- Macedonia
- Alexander the Great
- Darius III
King Philip II of Macedon 382- 336 BC
- Alexander the Great's father
Goal was to take over all of Greece and then to get revenge by taking over the Persian Empire
- Became King of Macedon in 359 BC
Macedonians
- Lived in mountainous villages, not city-states
- Macedonians considered themselves to be Greek but were looked down upon by the big city-states
- Philip II built up his military and eventually invaded and defeated the Greek city-states
- Used the phalanx and cavalry to great effect
Alexander the III of Macedon 356- 323 BC "Alexander the Great"
- Took over for his father, Philip, in 336 BC
- Philip was assassinated at his daughter's wedding by a former bodyguard (Pausanias)
- Ruled Greece and it's empire for only 13 years (336- 323 BC)
- Due to his great accomplishments, became known as Alexander the Great
- Was taught by Aristotle
- Died from high fever-possibly from typhoid fever or malaria
- After taking power, Alexander eliminated his opponents to the throne and then moved to consolidate Greece
- Alexander then turned east to take over the Persian Empire and achive the goal of his father
- After losing some battles, Darius III retreated quickly and offered Alexander all lands west of the Euphrates River
- Alexander the Great refused Darius III's offer and announced he would take the entire Persian Empire
- In 332 BC, Alexander the Great moved into Egypt and "liberated" Egypt from the Persians
- The Egyptians crowned Alexander pharaoh
- Founded the Egyptian city of Alexandria
- After conquering Egypt, Alexander moved into Mesopotomia and finished the job of defeating Darius III and the Persians
- The capital city of the Persian Empire, Persepolis (in Iran), was burned by Alexander as possible revenge for the Persians burning Athens
- Alexander would continue east into India where he eventually ran into a strong Indian army
- His troops were tired-fighting for 11 years and traveled more than 11,000 miles
- Even after defeating the Indian army in a battle, the monsoons of India were having an impact and Alexander agreed to turn back west
- Alexander would die from disease not long after
Alexander the Great's Legacy
- Greek Empire split into three sections
- Greeek city-states led by Antigonus
- Egypt led by Ptolemy
- Former Persian Empire ruled by Seleucus
- Leaders all ruled with absolute power
- Cultural diffusion between east and west
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
- Hellenistic culture became common all throughout the Greek Empire
- Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures mixed
- Language- Koine
- Trade
- Cities
- Science and Technology
- Philosophy, art, and architecture
Alexandria, Egypt
- Lighthouse of Alexandria
- Found underground in 1994
- Library
- Burned down so we lost everything
Astronomy
- Earth, the sun, and the solar system
Mathematics
- Euclid established geometry
- Archimedes estimated the value of pi and the law of the lever
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