September 19- September 23

[5 Tara]

September 19 (Monday)- Continued taking notes. Notes below. 

September 20 (Tuesday)- Continued taking notes. 

September 21 (Wednesday)- Continued taking notes. 

September 22 (Thursday)- Work day

September 23 (Friday)- Work day 

Ancient Greece

2000 BC- 300 BC

South Eastern Europe 

• The Seven Wonders of Ancient World 
  • Colossus of Rhodes
    • Statue of Helios, Greek Titan god 
    • Was made of bronze e
    • Same size as Statue of Liberty 
    • One of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World 
    • Lasted just over 50 years due to earthquake 
    • Believed to have been melted down and sold by Arab invaders 
  • The Temple/Statue of Artemis 
    • Built around 800 B.C 
    • Artemis is the Greek Goddess of Fertility 
    • The temple was destroyed several times due to wars and rebuilt 3 different times
    • Current day archaeologists have found the foundations of 5 temples built on top of each other 
  • The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
    • Built around 450 BC 
    • The statue was said to be made of gold and marble 
      • Made it very valuable
    • Eventually destroyed after being taken apart and moved
  • The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
    •  Built around 353 BC 
    • Tomb was built by Queen Artemisia as a tribute to her husband/brother King Mausolus 
    • Destroyed by earthquakes in the 1100-1400's AD 
    • All that survives today are the foundation blocks 
  • Lighthouse of Alexandria 
    • The lighthouse was built in 280 BC 
    • It was the worlds first lighthouse (reflected sunlight by day/fire at night) 
    • Most likely destroyed by earthquakes from 956-1325 AD 
    • Remains were found in the Mediterranean Sea in 1994 
    • Egypt is building an underwater museum for tourists 

Key Terms and People of Section 1 

• Peninsula 
• Minoan 
• Mycenaean 
• Trojan War 
• Dorian 
• Homer 
• Epic 
• Myth 

Geography of Greece 

• Greece is a small country in Europe 
• The main part of Greece is on a peninsula 
• Greece is surrounded by Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, and Ionian Sea 
• The rest of Greece is made up of islands
  • 6,000 islands (227 being inhabited) 
  • Mykonos Island
  • Crete
  • Rhodes

Importance of Geography to Greece 

• The seas was extremely important to the Greeks 
  • Did not live "on the land" but "around the sea" 
  • Most Greeks lived within 85 miles of the sea 
  • Used the sea as a means of transportation 
  • The sea linked all parts of Greece to other areas for trade which was essential due to lack of resources
• Mountains covered around 3/4 of ancient Greece
• Mount Olympus 
  • Home of the 12 Olympian Greek gods
    • Zeus
      • King of the gods, sky, thunder
    • Hera
      • Goddess of women and marriage
    • Demeter
      • God of harvest and agriculture 
    • Poseidon
      • God of sea 
    • Athena
      • Goddess of wisdom, courage, and knowledge
    • Apollo
      • God of music, poetry, and healing 
    • Artemis
      • Goddess of the hunting, wild animals, and childbirth
    • Aphrodite
      • Goddess of love, beauty, and pleasure 
    • Ares
      • God of war
    • Hermes
      • Transitions and boundaries 
    • Hephaestus
      • Goddess of blacksmiths, craftsmen, and artisans 
    • Hestia
      • Goddess of hearth, home, domesticity, and family
    • Dionysus  
      • God of vine, grape harvest, wine, and wine making
  • Due to mountains, transportation over land was difficult
  • Greeks did not have much fertile land for agriculture
  • Due to these issues, ancient Greece never had a large population
    • No more than a few million
  • These issues might have led some leaders to look to expand   
  • Made up of a lot of city states 

Ancient Olympics

• The big competition at the Games was the Pentathlon 
  • Pente means 5 
  • Athlon means competition
    • Long jump 
    • Javelin
    • Discus 
    • Stadion- 200 yards 
    • Wrestling 
• Modern Olympics vs Ancient Olympics
  • Ancient Olympics
    • Only men may compete 
    • The Olympics were only held in Greece 
    • Only people from Greece could compete 
    • Men competed nude in the Olympics to show their toughness and pride 
  • Modern Olympics 
    • Both genders may compete 
    • We nominate for where we want the Olympics to be held 
    • Any nation may compete 
    • They don't compete nude
  • Things they have in both 
    • Discus 
    • Javelin 
    • Wrestling 

Minoan Civilization 

• 2000-1500 BC 
• Heavily influenced by the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations 
• Named after legendary Crete King Minos of Greek mythology 
• Known for its trade on the seas 
• Due to its isolation on the island of Crete, generally peaceful 
• Known for advanced cities 
• Not overcrowded, plumbing, toilets, and sewers
• Women had much higher status than in earlier civilizations 
• Known for their art and pottery 

Downfall of the Minoans 

• Around 1500 BC, the Minoan civilization ended abruptly 
• Historians think it could have been an earthquake which leveled cities and their ships 
• They could have been over ran by the Mycenaean 
• Some historians think Minoa could have been Atlantis

Mycenaeans

• Controlled the area around Greece from 1600 BC- 1100 BC 
• Heavily influenced by the Minoans 
• Much more war like (based on art) 
• Know from their trade around the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Sea 
• Known for their piracy on the seas surrounding Greece 
• Known for city states 
  • Not sure if city states were independent or united
• Mycenaean's did unite to fight the Trojan War against Troy 
• The Mycenaean's fell apart due to wars and the Sea People's sacking their city states 
• Eventually the Dorians came down from the north and took over Greece 

Dorians

• 1150-750 BC 
• Came from the area north of Greece 
• Less advanced than the Mycenaean's 
• Trade and culture slowed 
• Greece went into a Dark Age

Homer

• Was a Greek epic poet from 750- 700 BC 
• Narrative  poems celebrated heroic deeds 
• The lliad was about the Trojan War 
• The Odyssey was a sequel that was after the Trojan war 

Trojan War 

• Fought between Mycenaean Greeks and Troy 
• 1194-1184 BC 
• War began after the abduction of Queen Helen of Sparta by the Trojan prince, Paris 
• Helen's husband, Menelaus, convinced his brother Agamemnon, King of Mycenae, to lead an expedition to get her back 
• Agamemnon was joined by the Greek heroes Achilles and Odysseus 
• They crossed the Aegean Sea and laid siege to Troy 
• Demanded Helen's return 

Greek City States 

• Polis 
  • Means city or city state
  • Example: Minneapolis, Indianapolis 
• Acropolis 
  • A settlement in a city on higher ground used for defense and a place to discuss politics 

Types of Government in City States

• Monarchy
  • Government ruled by one person- king, queen  
• Aristocracy 
  • Government ruled by a small group of wealthy, landowning families
• Oligarchy 
  • A government ruled by a few powerful people 

Types of Governments in City States 

• Tyrants
  • Powerful individuals who seize control from the government, could be good or bad, today we see tyranny as a bad thing
• Democracy 
  • Ruled by the people, Athens had perhaps the world's first democracy, only allowed citizens to participate
    • Women, slaves, and foreigners were not citizens 

Athenian Democracy vs US Democracy

• Athenian Democracy 
  • Citizens (male); 18 years old; born of citizen parents 
  • Laws voted on and proposed directly by assembly of all citizens 
  • Leader chosen by lot 
• US Democracy 
  • Citizens (born in US or completed citizenship process 
  • Representatives elected to propose and vote on laws 
  • Elected president 
• Both
  • Political power exercised by citizens 
  • Three branches of government 
  • Legislative branch passes laws 
  • Executive branch carries out laws 
  • Judicial branch conducts trials with paid jurors 

Education in Athens

• Only for the sons of wealthy families 
• Started at age 7 and focused on developing good citizens 
• Studies reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, logic and public speaking 
• Public debate and athletics were also stressed 
• Once older, students went to military school 
• Girls were educated by their mothers in the home to do cleaning, cooking, child-rearing, etc. 

Sparta- City State 

• Sparta was very powerful and had its own army
• Defeated the Messenians in 725 BC and in 650 BC
• Unlike Athens and other city-states it did not have democracy 
• Built a military state 
• Sparta conquered other city-states to gain wealth and power 
• Valued duty, strength, and discipline over freedom, beauty and learning 

Spartan Classes 

• Only men born in Sparta were citizens 
• Women were not allowed to become citizens 
• The second class in Sparta were people who came from other city-states or other countries 
  • They could own businesses but not become citizens 
• The third class were helots/slaves 
  • Worked the fields or were servants 

Spartan Warriors 

• Learning to read and write in Sparta was not very important 
• Training to become a good soldiers was stressed 
• Young boys left home at 7 and trained to be soldiers until they were 30 
• Athletics was also stressed 

Spartan Women 

• Service to Sparta was stressed 
• Received some military training 
• Athletics were stressed 
• Had quite a bit of freedom in comparison to Athens 
  • Could run family estates when husband was off at war 

Persian Wars (Greco-Persian) 499-449 BC 

• Fought between the Persian Empire and Greek city-states (Athens, Sparta, Thebes, etc.) 
• Started when Persian leader Cyrus the Great took over Ionia in Greece in 546 BC 

Tonian Revolt- 499-493 BC 

• The Ionians (Greeks) led a revolt against the Persians after Cyrus the Great died 

Ionian Revolt 

• The Ionian Revolt was led by Athenian General Miltiades 
• Ionia asked Athens to help them which they did 
• Darius quickly suppresses the Ionian Revolt but is very mad 
• Darius the Great vowed to burn Athens to the ground before he died 

Miltiades Escapes 

• Miltiades escapes back to Athens and tells the Athenians that the Persians are coming to burn Athens 
• This sets up the beginning of the Great Persian War 

Ancient Greece vs. Civilization of Persia 

• Persia was the largest empire in the world at the time and consisted of millions of people 
• Ancient Greece was about 500,000 total people 
• It was truly a David vs. Goliath battle

Athens & Sparta United 

• Athens and Sparta had been fighting for hundreds of years 
• They now fought not for Athens or for Sparta but for Greece 

Battle of Marathon- 490 BC 

• 25,000 Persians 
• 10,000 Athenians 
• Casualities
• Dead Persians: 6,400
• Dead Athenians: 192
• Athenians won. How? 
  • The Phalanx 
  • Armor
  • Better tactics
  • The Persians were lightly armored and not prepared 

Pheidippides 

• After the battle ended, he ran from Marathon to Athens to tell the Athenians of the victory over Persia 
• It was 26 miles from Marathon to Athens 

Battle of Thermopylae- 480 BC 

• Ten years after the Battle of Marathon, Persia once again invaded Greece 
• Darius the Great's son, Xerxes, made it a goal to destroy Athens 
• The Persians won the Battle of Thermopylae but not before the Spartan soldiers held out for days allowing many Greek troops to retreat 
• The movie 300 is based on this battle 

Battle of Salamis 

• At the naval Battle of Salamis, the Greeks destroyed the Persian navy 
• The Persians were never the same after that and were eventually driven out of Greece 
• After the Persian Wars, the Delian League was established setting up an alliance between the Greek city states 
• Starting around 470 BC, Greece, and Athens specifically, entered a golden age