Ch. 5.1: Taylor P. & Taylor S.
-Describe Native American culture.
They lived from the Mississippi River to Rockies. They didn’t live in plains until whites brought horses. They relied on buffalo to provide them with teepees, clothes, shoes, blankets, food. They lived in small extended families. Horses increased mobility and led to wars from hunters trespassing. Men became hunters/warriors, women prepared meat/hides. They believed that spirits controlled events. Ones that showed special sensitivity to this were referred to as medicine men. The children learned behavior from myths, games, and good examples. No one could group since the leaders were ruled by counsel.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
They moved there in search for gold and other riches. They also moved there to obtain more land because they were beginning to get crowded.
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
Assimilation- a plan made to make Native Americans part of white culture. There were disputes on how the Native Americans should be treated. They wanted to change Native American’s way of life, beliefs, and culture so that they are like normal white people. The Dawes Act was created to make Native Americans like Americans. They allowed 80 acres of land to unmarried Native Americans, and they allowed 160 acres to a household. They used the rest of the land to sell to white settlers, and they would use the profits to buy farmstead for the Native Americans. Though in the end, Native Americans received money, leaving them poor and with 2/3 less land. Native American’s performed the “ghost dance” since they believed it would restore their way of life.
-Describe a cowboy's life.
Cowboys had hard long days. They worked 10-14 hour days if they worked on the rand, and if they work on the trails transporting cattle, they worked 14 hour days. The working age started at about age 15 and stopped at 40 since they had worked so hard throughout their life and got wore down. They carried guns to protect them from diseased animals (not to shoot outlaws).
Ch. 5.2:Molly & Jena
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
The Great Plains was a big grass region with farming. Homestead Act- gave 160 acres to a household for a fee. 160 acres was enough to make a living with the fertile soil in Iowa and Minnesota. Railroads made traveling faster and easier. Therefore, you could transport things such as food or supplies more efficient. It helped achieve Manifest Destiny.
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
They suffered from droughts, floods, blizzards, and locus plagues.
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
The new farming equipment that was invented to work more efficiently was really expensive. Therefore, farmers had to borrow money in order to afford it. They increased their crop prices to pay off this debt. Short hauls were more expensive than long. This caused farmers to get further into debt.
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
They were too far away from stores and they didn’t have cars. Also, they had trouble finding Clearwater. Railroads began overpricing their services due to lack of competition. The soil was hard. Plus, life as a farmer was lonely.
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
Populists: an alliance that tried to get farmers out of debt. Populists were a movement of the farmers, also known as the people's party. Things they fought for were referred to as Omaha Platforms. Omaha Platforms: Increased Money Supply (wanted inflation), Graduated Income Tax, Federal Loan Program, 8 Hour Workday, Restrictions on Immigration. Placed by Open-Hearth Process
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
The discovery of oil which led to the Texas Oil Boom
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
Electricity, light bulb, typewriter was invented by Christopher Sholes in 1867 and he, shaped the world of business. The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876.
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
They made the world a smaller place. Times zones were created. New towns were built along railroads. Railroads linked isolated cities. Thousands of railroad workers died due to accidents and disease.
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
Chinese railroad workers were treated poorly. Farmers were taxed if they had railroad on their land, grants were misused, and had to pay more money for shorter hauls.
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
They got laws passed to get rid of discrimination and freight and passenger loading chargers were brought down.
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
Carnegie started steel mill and manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain. He attempted to control as much of the steel industry as he could. He did this by monopoly.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
He owned the biggest oil company in the world. He was the richest person in the world at that time. He made hundreds of million dollars. He was called Robber Barons by people because he drove a lot of people out of business.
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
It was a theory that set up natural selection (survival of the fittest). Meaning the strong businesses thrive and the weak businesses die out.
-Explain how companies formed monopolies (vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
Horizontal integration-one company is trying to buy out other companies. Vertical integration- having control over every aspect of transportation and development of product
-How did the government try to regulate business?
Sherman Antitrust Act: if you try to eliminate businesses unfairly, you can be broken up by this act. "anti-monopoly". Also broke up Microsoft in 2000.
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
Labor Unions are workers went on strike against unfair treatment. The leader would talk to management and try to get fair working conditions/better hours/better wages. Labor Unions struggled to succeed at first but eventually won some strikes later on.
Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
Labor Unions struggled to succeed at first but eventually won some strikes later on. Mary Harris Jones' slogan "equal pay for equal work", one of the most influential women in American history, created united mine workers of America, and fought for child labor laws. Pullman Company Strike, ARU began to boycott Pullman when he laid of 3000 of the 5800 workers and cut wages up to 50% from the $6 a week they were making already. This strike grew violent so the president sent troops to end the strike. Haymarket Affair, one of the most violent, 1886 more than 3000 wanted to protest police brutality, protestor threw a bomb and police opened fire, seven police and several protestors were killed
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US?
They came to earn money, return to homesteads, and escape harsh conditions such as famine land shortages, and religious persecution.
Where did immigrants come from?
Japan to Hawaii. Chinese to west coast. Also, West Indies, Mexico, Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other islands.
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
They had to go through Ellis Island to be inspected, and that took up to 5 hours. Also, it was very crowded on deck, no fresh air, sleep on bunks with lice, share toilets, diseases were spread, and some died.
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
People wanted to restrict immigration because they were taking the jobs of people and working for insanely low prices.
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
What caused all this corruption in government?
What laws came about to reform government?
Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William McKinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
-Explain the significance of Plessey v. Ferguson.
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
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