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Absent
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Paganism- A pre-Christian religion in Europe. Greek mythology was a simple form of paganism.
Pope Gregory I - (The Great) - He stretched pope's responsibilities outside the church and more governmental. He negotiated peace treaties, repaired roads, and helped the poor. Popes had huge religious power. Popes could threaten to excommunicate the King - he could not go to heavan. King could pass laws and make rules to put popes back in their place by taking away certain reigious rights.
Clovis united all modern-day Gaul under his leadership.
Major domo- The mayor of the palace
(The major domo)-Charles Martel "The Hammer"- led armies, made policy and basically ran the kingdom. Most famous accomplish- Defeating the Muslim people in the Battle of Tour.
Muslims could not break into Eastern Europt because of the Byzantine Empire, which was very powerful, so they went across Africa and through Spain instead. Muslims ruled Spain at the time and the leader sent troops into France to meet with Charles Martel's army. Charles won, and this is what caused Islam to stay out of Europe and keep it Christian. (muslims/moors vs. Franks) The Franks were mainly infantry armed with axes, swords and javelines. Franks established a defensive square and dared Muslims to attack which they did. Moors leader was cornered and killed, and without their leader, the Moors fell apart.
Pepin the Short- Charles Martel's son. He became major domo in 741. He decided he was doing so much for the country and king that he wanted to be King. So he asked the pope who should be king. The pope sided with Pepin and the Pope made Pepin king "under the grace of God". Charles and Pepin benifitted the pope a lot, so he was all for the idea of Pepin being king.
Charlemagne (Charles the Great)- became king after his father, Pepin. He proceeded to strengthen his power and unify mroe germanic tribes and conquered more of the East and South. He caem to the aid of Pope Hadrian and defeated the Lombards in Italy who were threatening Pental lands. Pope Leo III was seen as not being good enough to be pope because he was not wealthy enough. He was kidnapped and imprisoned but he escaped and ran to Charlemagne where Charlemagne reinstated him as pope.
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Pope Gregory- best known for expanding Pope power beyond church and into government
Charles Martel- Strengthened himself and defeated the Moores. He wasn't King but held all the power of running the country
Pepin- Son of Charles. Convinced the Pope to make him King since he already ran the country while the king did nothing.
Charlemagne- became emporer after saving the Pope and giving him his title.
Pope Leo crowning Charlemagne was very significant because it showed that the pope had power to crown kings, which ultimately made it seem like the Pope had more power than the king.
Charlemagne made numerous reforms while emporer and gave power to himself and away from nobles. He required people to be Christian and if you refused you were killed. He spurred a new era of learning in France.
After Charlemagne's death, hid son, Louis the Pious became emporer. He was very religious but not a good leader. He had three sons- lothair, Charles the Bald, and Louis the german. After Louis the Pious's death, his sons fought for the crown. They ended up signing a treaty and the empire was split among the brothers.
Feudalism- Economic system. A good syste for small scale threats such as robbers - Not a lot of freedom - No social mobility (a peasant could never be a noble). It rates people's power from greatest (king) to least (peasants). They traded services such as the nobles giving peasants money for their crops or labor.
Overlord- Someone that owns the land and gives it to someone else(the king or anyone else that gives land)
Vassal- The person receiving the land from a king. Fief- The land itself
The vassal was not necessarily a minor figure. Anyone under the king was a vassal. SOme kings that received land from oter kings were also considered vassals.
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Feudalism- Division of social classes and what they can give eachother in return for things. Like, Kings can give land in exchange for service. It was a political(Social classes and the better power in higher classes) , social (Division of social classes), and economic (How money is made) system. Landowners control their lands by giving peices to vassals and the vassals promise to defend the land.
Who got the land? King took 20%, The Church took 25%, Nobles/lords/Barons took 50% (there are more people in this group), Knights took 5%, The Serfs just lived on this land.
The Manorial System- Manors were self sufficient communities. Anything required by the nobels were made by the peasants and serfs.
What does the the term Medieval mean? - anything relating to the middle ages
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Technology of Warfare Changes- Saddles and Stirrups.
Roles of Knight- Defended territories, Service for land, Fought 40 days of combat a year, In time off, trained for war by wrestling and hunting, Gained experience fighting in local wars and tournaments.
Knighthood- Knights were expected to show courage in battle, loyalty to their lord, and to protect the weak and poor. Ideal knights were loyal, brave, and courteous. Most did not reach these standards. In reality, they treated the poor brutally.
Code of Chivalry- States that the knight must fight bravely in defence of three masters
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