I. Treaty of Versailles
-know what it specifically did and how it helped lead to WWII
The Treaty of Versailles was a peace treaty that was imposed on Germany by the Allied powers (France, Italy, UK, and US) in the 1920s after the end of WWI which ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied powers and demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. The treaty was signed on June 28, 1919. The Treaty in one way was used to punish Germany, for all the Allied powers believed that Germany started the war, and not it was their time to seek revenge. The Treaty of Versailles stated and held that Germany was responsible for starteing WWI. Many people think that the Treaty of Versailles is what started WWII.
President Woodrow Wilson wanted the Treaty of Versialles to consist of fourteen points. He wanted there to be an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade for all countries, disarmament, end to oclonial claims, self-determination for all countries, restoration of Belgium, restoration of France, readjustment of Italy's boundaries, Austria-Hungary to be given the opportunity for more development, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro to be evacuated and restored, Turkey to be sovereign, Poland to be given their independence, and Wilson's baby, for the "League of Nations" to be developed. I may add that a lot of these things never fullfilled.
One thing that the Treaty of Versailles did was completely alter the geographical landscape of Europe. The treaty took away 16.7% of Germany's farmland, 12.5% of Germany's livestock, and 10% of its factories. Countries that took possesion of German land was France, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, and Poland. Germany's size was reduced by 12.5%.
The Treaty of Versailles didn't punish the country ofGermany physically, but also financially. The treaty stated that Germany was to pay for all of the damage that happend to other countries because of the war. Germany was to make payments monthly, coming out to a grand total equalling around £6,600 million.. which was calculated by the Allies in the 1920s.
The Treaty of Versailles also reduced Germany's trading with other countries. The treaty took away the German Navy, and reduced the size of their army quite dramatically.
President Wilson's main idea for the Treaty of Versailles was to create "The League of Nations." This thing was like his baby. He beleived that if he made this peace organization consisting of the Allied powers everyone would be like afraid of them because they already lost the war to them. At first, the other allies were not crazy about Wilson's big plan.. they had other ideas for themselves. France basically just wanted to hurt Germany's ecomomy, land, and their army. The United Kingdom just wanted to leave Germany with enought supplies so for trade, but not for war. And all the other allies, especially Italy and Japan, were just focusing on gaining land from Germany. Eventually, all the other Allies joined and formed "The League of Nations." Wilson's ideas for it had to be somewhat modified though.. and the United States never joined. Instead, they made a different peace agreement with Germany under the Treaty of Berlin.
Because of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany began to go through a great depression. A lot of people lost their jobs and joined the Communist and National Soicalist Parties. Many people were joining The National Socialist Party because they had lost hope in their government when it agreed to the Treaty of Versailles. Because more people were joining this party, the party's leader, Adolf Hitler, was gaining more and more power. It is for this reason I think that the Treaty of Versailles contributed some to the start of WWII, in Germany atleast. When the Germans began the thrive for revenge in when they began to form under Aldolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party.
II. League of Nations
-define and explain it's weaknesses
The League of Nations (LON) was an inter-governmental organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920, and the precursor to the United Nations. At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. The League's primary goals as stated in its Covenant included preventing war through collective security, disarmament, and settling international disputes through negotiation and arbitration. Other goals in this and related treaties included labor conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, trafficking in persons and drugs, arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe. It was weak because one, the united states was not a part of it and also they could not declare war so it was really pointless and lame.
III. Know the basics about the following countries:
-How did WWI/Treaty of Versailles impact this country
-How did this country change in the 1920's/1930's(includes leader coming to power and their goals).
-What was/were this countries military strategies in the 1920's and 1930's.
-How was this country involved on WWII(what alliance did they belong to, how were they involved within the war)
Germany
1. How did the Treaty of Versailles impact them?
punished very harshley from this treaty.. took away land from them, took away a lot of their military strenght, made them pay, made them admit that they started WWI.
2. What type(s) of government did this country have in the interwar years(1919-1938)?
Weimar republic.. failed.. Hitler chancellor.. President dies.. Hitler becomes dictator
3. How did their leader, that led them throughout WWII, come to power?
when their presedent whats his face Hindenburg died Hitler positioned himself as dictator
4. How did this leader change their country(for the better and worse) prior to WWII?
he gave the Germans hope.. promised them money and jobs and cars.. this is what the people wanted to hear after the depression. he gave the people hope.. he also started the mass extermination of Jews in order to make his "perfect race" and take over the world
5. What were the goals of the leader?
to exterminate the Jews, to win the land back that was taken away from the treaty of versailles, and to eventually take over the world
6. What was the military strategy of this country in the inter-war years(1919-1938)?
blitzkreig-lightening warfare.. used tanks and airplanes and stuff for suprise attacks
they also trained their soliders to use all new weaponry and equiptment
7. What role did they play in WWII?
they attacked many countries around them in order to win the land back they had lost after WWI from the treaty of versailles
8. Who were their allies in WWII?
axis powers
9. How did WWII impact/effect the country?
split into four sections.. mass destruction.. nazi party fell.. trails and suicide of dictator adolf hitler
Italy
1. How did the Treaty of Versailles impact them?
stayed neutral.. impacted by side treaties.. promised land but never received it (got land but not as much a s they wanted).. started facism
2. What type(s) of government did this country have in the interwar years(1919-1938)?
prime minister- vittorio orlando.. paris peace conference 1919 were problems.. resigned in 1919.. at first supporeted musoline.. facism started.. ideas that violence and war is ok.. will use violence in order to keep things in place and how it should be.. black shirts didnt agree with communism.. government did not interfere.. 1924 mussolini declared himself dictatos.. assassination of writer Giacomo Matelote by secret police.. was leader starting in 1922
3. How did their leader, that led them throughout WWII, come to power?
1921.. mussolini was elected chamber of deputies.. 1922 prime minister by the king.. june 10 1924 became dictator after assassination
4. How did this leader change their country(for the better and worse) prior to WWII?
used private army to fight people who were against facism.. helped transportation.. made different job opportunities.. started invadin countries such as africa.. started as an axis power but switched to an allied power
5. What were the goals of the leader?
wanted to colonize into aftica.. wanted to make italy "great respected and feared" .. used communication to make facism to seem ok
6. What was the military strategy of this country in the inter-war years(1919-1938)?
§ to help hitler and not overrun him
§ to keep supplied by the twin town
§ the italian compaign of WWII was the name of the allied operations in and around italy from 1943 to the end of the war in europe
7. What role did they play in WWII?
§ stayed in isolation at first
§ helped hitler
§ military didnt care all too much.. lazy?
§ musilina wanted to make the mediteranian sea an italian lake (wanted to take africa)
8. Who were their allies in WWII?
§ germany austria and hungary japan parts of yugoslavia, french navy
9. How did WWII impact/effect the country?
§ lost all of the colonies
§ government collapsed once the germans came into italy
Soviet Union
1. How did the Treaty of Versailles impact them?
lost some land.. the brest-litovsk treaty made them lose a lot of things to germany such as like population and industry and.. bad stuff. they signed this because they lost so much during WWI and they were already in their own revolution so they couldn't afford to fight both at once.
2. What type(s) of government did this country have in the interwar years(1919-1938)?
in 1917, vladimir lenin, statred a single-party dictatorship under the Boldhrviks. they became a member of the league of nations.. they were not allowerd to join because of radical policies of their communist govenment until 1935.
3. How did their leader, that led them throughout WWII, come to power?
when lenin died in 1924, stalin rose to power.
4. How did this leader change their country(for the better and worse) prior to WWII?
he had a command economy that replaced the new economic policy. he wanted to regain russias land that was lost in WWI.. he signed the non-aggression pact with hitler to give him more time to build up his army. he made these five year plans in which in a five year time plan he hope to incresed the amount of things the soviet union could make within a five year time span. he wanted to modernize the economy build a strong military spread ideas of communism
5. What were the goals of the leader?
he made these five year plans in which in a five year time plan he hope to incresed the amount of things the soviet union could make within a five year time span. he wanted to modernize the economy build a strong military spread ideas of communism
6. What was the military strategy of this country in the inter-war years(1919-1938)?
wanted to always have safe secure borders.. after WWII he took all of eastern europe.. did everything they could to make sure their communist countries were surrounding.. wanted to make a deal with germany.. was to get back all the land they had lost in WWI.. invade estonia, latvia, lithuania,
7. What role did they play in WWII?
at war with germany and the axis powers.. signed non aggression pact with Hermany which split up poland in 1939.. over 90000 german troops at stalingrad surrendered to the soviets on january 31 1943. huge turning point in the war against germany..
8. Who were their allies in WWII?
allies.. england united states and france.. then a bunch of little ones.
9. How did WWII impact/effect the country?
lost over 20 million people.. more than any country involved in WWII.. armies remained powerful.. expanded its boreders because they defeated germany finland poland czechoslovakia and romania.
Japan
1. How did the Treaty of Versailles impact them?
japan got a lot of germany's northern island.. the land that germany got from china was given to japan, they became a part of the league of nations
2. What type(s) of government did this country have in the interwar years(1919-1938)?
they had a two part political system after WWI.. in 1918 hara takashi became the first common person to become prime minister.. in 1926 hirohito became the emperor.. constitutional monarchy.. changed with the great depression. 1927 signed kellog brand pact outlawing war. during the great depression japan was at a tough spot because they could not really import resources so they invaded china. japan started to go a different route because of the tough economic times. they went from peaceful to invading (starting with mankiria)
3. How did their leader, that led them throughout WWII, come to power?
hirohito was the son of prince hirohito and princess sakado.. so basically he went through the family after his dad became sick.. the emperor was like a "son of God" so nobody ever saw or heard the emperor. in the 1930s some sedeke tojo came had some power and he was the dude that decided to carry out pearl harbor..
4. How did this leader change their country(for the better and worse) prior to WWII?
the leaders changed japan drastically from outlawing war after WWI and being all peaceful.. and then when the war started and the depression started they completely changed views and decided to invade that place in china in orcder to get natural resources.. the military leaders are the ones that changed china.. hirohito didnt do squat.
5. What were the goals of the leader?
expand their boundaries into mainland asia. to invade places in order to get natural resources. china and japan haaated eachother. they were natural enemies.
6. What was the military strategy of this country in the inter-war years(1919-1938)?
attacked pearl harbor.. treatment of pow's.. they wanted resources so they invaded places which is what motivated them to invade places.. to use chemical weapons..
7. What role did they play in WWII?
they were al isand thing so they had limited resources.. so they began to take over asia to get resources but they had a dilema with resources being restricted by the united states.
1941- seized manchuria
1937-began a war against china so fdr shut off all trade with japan
they wanted to expand their empire
the us pacific fleet at pearl harbor was capable of challenging japans navy
american bases in the phillipines could threaten lines of communication
they wanted to destrpy all american powers in the pacific
its navy would neutralize the american navy with an attack on pearl harbor
then they would go attack the phillipines
then took control of malaya the netherlands indies the phillipines wake island guam the gilbert islands thailand and burma
if japan would not have had control of so many islands we would have won the war earlier... the island hopping made it a slow victory for us
8. Who were their allies in WWII?
axis powers: germany, italy, hungary, romania, slovakia, bulgaria, croatia, and manchucho
9. How did WWII impact/effect the country?
japan was destoyed.. all cities and industries damaged.. severe shortage of food.. had to have allied powers in their countries.. us was in charge of watching over japan in 1945. lost all of the territory they had since 1894. war crime trials.. 500 military officers commited suicide.. the emperor lost all political and military power.. japan was forbidden to ever lead a war again or to maintain an army. this is still in use today, they ares still anti-war/anit-army. many people were effected by atomic bombs.. caused things like burnings and blindness and scars.
Great Britain
1. How did the Treaty of Versailles impact them?
§ great britain didnt want germany to have military equiptment or soliders..
§ they receiver german companies in africa
2. What type(s) of government did this country have in the interwar years(1919-1938)?
§ constitutional monarchy.. king or queen but they have very little power limited by a constitution
§ in many ways this is basically a democracy
3. How did their leader, that led them throughout WWII, come to power?
§ prime minister- Neville Chamberlain.. he ruled during the beginning of the war and then he resigned because people criticized him for signing the munich conference
§ he gave his power to Winston Churchill because he wanted to be tough on hitler
§ MUNICH CONFERENCE.. made to tell hitler that like he needs to stop taking land but he could take the Sudetenland but nowhere else and he aggreed to this but he lied and stuff...
§ Winston Churchill, the most dominant figure in british polotics.. extremely against Nazism
4. How did this leader change their country(for the better and worse) prior to WWII?
§ abolished the poor law..
§ reorganized unemployment assistance
5. What were the goals of the leader?
§ chamberlain trying to avoid war at all cort.. he seeked to appease hitler and mussolini.. tried to persuade invade Ethiopia
§ churchill thought that they should have been tougher on hitler.. when he became leader he worked hard on getting the us into war and to defeat germany and to keep the british people up. by the summer of 1940 germany had took over all of europe except for great britain.. he was always motivating them to make them not want to surrender
6. What was the military strategy of this country in the inter-war years(1919-1938)?
§ britains navy guaranteed allied access to the world's oceans
§ provided barricades
§ they wanted to blockade germany
7. What role did they play in WWII?
§ stood alone against germany at first
§ soviet union(UUSR) and us were brought into the war
8. Who were their allies in WWII?
§ usa, soviet union, france
§ australia, belgium, bolivia, brazil, canada, china, denmark, greece, mexico, netherlands, new zealand, norway, poland, south africa, yugoslavia
9. How did WWII impact/effect the country?
§ they were bombed many maaannnny times so they went into debt and there was a ton of damago done
France
1. How did the Treaty of Versailles impact them?
they were hoping to gain a sense of security because of their suffering from WWI, they wanted to regain the land of Alsace-Lorraine that Germany took from them in 1871... from the treaty they got a lot of land from Germany, they got money and German colonies from Africa
2. What type(s) of government did this country have in the interwar years(1919-1938)?
laissex-faire economics.. the Bloc Nation.. they didnt wanna help the lower class.. Cartel de Gauchos (socialists) replaced the Bloc Nation in 1926... france was a republic.. basically a democracy.. they were laissex faire.. hands off.. socialists didnt like this cause theyre hands on. in the 1930s the ideas of Fasciasm and Communism were popular.. their popular front government fell apart when Leon Blum was elected prime minister
. How did the Treaty of Versailles impact them?
§ they were hoping to gain a sense of security because of their suffering from WWI, they wanted to regain the land of Alsace-Lorraine that Germany took from them in 1871... from the treaty they got a lot of land from Germany, they got money and German colonies from Africa
2. What type(s) of government did this country have in the interwar years(1919-1938)?
§ laissex-faire economics.. the Bloc Nation.. they didnt wanna help the lower class.. Cartel de Gauchos (socialists) replaced the Bloc Nation in 1926... france was a republic.. basically a democracy.. they were laissex faire.. hands off.. socialists didnt like this cause theyre hands on. in the 1930s the ideas of Fasciasm and Communism were popular.. their popular front government fell apart when Leon Blum was elected prime minister
§ free french underground led by charles de gaulle.. their goal was to free france from german control
§ vichy government.. pro-nazi government.. allowed to rule the southern part of france.
3. How did their leader, that led them throughout WWII, come to power?
§ george clemenceau.. went to signing of the treaty of versailles
§ charles de gaulle.. only leader who had success in defeating the germans, eventually becaume president of france
§ eduardo daldier.. prime minister.. went to the munich conference paul reynaud was a war minister but was replaces with charles de gaulle
§ daladier and reynaud were arrested by the vichy government and were taken as prisoners by the germans
4. How did this leader change their country(for the better and worse) prior to WWII?
§ focused on defensive military strategies.. losing strategy
5. What were the goals of the leader?
§ de gaulle. free france from german control. avoid war and german invasion
§ vichy government.. help the nazis out
6. What was the military strategy of this country in the inter-war years(1919-1938)?
§ focused on defensive strategies... the maginot line was a wall meant to defend the French on the boarders of Italy and Germany
§ their defensive strategy didnt work out so hot
§ maginot line which was baically a concrete wall thing.. concrete fortification, tank obstacles, artillery casements, machine gun posts.. germany just went around it on some river and yeah..
7. What role did they play in WWII?
§ provided battlefields.. developed their army on the boarder of germany and waited for them to attack
§ they free french underground fought with troups
§ the vichy government worked with ther germans and the japanese with the axis powers.. so they were kinda almost on both sides i think. pretty sure actually.
8. Who were their allies in WWII?
§ britain, united states, soviet union, china, australia, canada (main ones)
9. How did WWII impact/effect the country?
§ high casualties
§ super debt
§ no longer powerful militarily
§ led to the vietnam conflict/war
China
1. How did the Treaty of Versailles impact them?
they were promised some land.... wooh. and japan took some land from them?
2. What type(s) of government did this country have in the interwar years(1919-1938)?
they were part nationalist and part communist.. because they were split in two parts.. shang kai shek was the leader of the nationalst party and mao zedong was the leader of the communist party. the us like chang cause he wan't communist.
3. How did their leader, that led them throughout WWII, come to power?
chang kai shek took over after the death of Sun Yat-sen in 1925.. Meo Zedong was the first leader in the communist China
4. How did this leader change their country(for the better and worse) prior to WWII?
chang kai shet wanted the whole country to become nationalists.. the Xi's accident caused communists and nationalists to fight together in Japan.
5. What were the goals of the leader?
chang wanted to take over the communist party.. CCP was the ruling political party of the Republic of China.. wanted to become allies with the communist people in China
6. What was the military strategy of this country in the inter-war years(1919-1938)?
china wanted to secure as many natural resources and other economic resources as possible.. they had a resistance strategy to retreat.. chiang sent the best troops to defend their best cities.. they adopted the strategy of trading space for time, prolong the war as long as possible to exhaust Japanese soldiers.. they wanted to prolong the war for as long as possible.. China launched a major attack on itself to destroy a major coal mine, and a major railroad system so Japan could not get supplies to their troops
7. What role did they play in WWII?
they were an alli of the United States.. they were a major part in the pacific war against japan
8. Who were their allies in WWII?
allied powers: england, united states, soviet union, france, australia, belgium, bolivia, brazil, canada, denmark, greece, mexico, netherlands, new zealand, norway, poland, south africa, and yugoslavia
9. How did WWII impact/effect the country?
many people died from disease starvation, massacres, bombing, and deliberate genocide.. many deaths during WWII were Chinese and Soviet.. an estimated 7.5 million people died in China died from other causes.. the rape of nan king
IV. Hitler's Treatment of the Jews
concentration camps, labor camps, ghettos, science experiments…
V. Munich Conference-Policy of Appeasement
neville chamberlain (gb) adolf hitler (germany) benito Mussolini (italy) edouard daladoer (france)… chamberlain- “peace for our time”
VI. US Role in the 1920's/1930's
-Washington Naval Conference
-Kellog-Briand Pact
-Neutrality Acts throughout the 1930's
-Quarantine Speech
-Bases for Destroyers
-Lend-Lease Act
VII. Soviet-German Non-Aggression Pact
Russia gave raw materials to germany in exchange for money and weapons, the both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war, secretly agreed to invade and split Poland, germany would get the western hald and ussr the eastern half, Russia would get finland, Estonia, and Latvia and germany would get Lithuania.. the world was shocked and Poland was scared and hitler thought it would force great britain and france to back out of their promise to help Poland if it attacked.
VIII. Outbreak of War--Blitzkrieg!!
1.Airforce attacks enemy front-line and rear positions, main roads, airfields and communication centers. At the same time, infantry attacks on the entire frontline and engages enemy.
2.Tank(panzer) units breakthrough main lines of defense and advance deeper into enemy territory. While following, mechanized units pursue and engage defenders preventing them from establishing defensive positions. Infantry continues to engage enemy for the same reason.
3.Infantry attacks enemy flanks in order to link up with other groups to complete the attack and eventually encircle the enemy and/or capture strategic position.
4.Mechanized groups go deeper into the enemy territory outflanking the enemy positions and preventing withdrawing troops and defenders from establishing effective defensive positions.
5.Main force links up with other units encircling and cutting off the enemy.
6.Goal was to achieve victory as quickly as possible
-Japan and China
Japanese invasion of Manchuria,
-Germany and Poland
“Things began to change right the first night. The first night there were blackouts all over town. They would have a curfew. After dark, nobody's supposed to leave the house. The first memorable night is, was, when I...when some of our neighbors tried to...a young man tried to cross the street and he didn't realize just crossing the street, uh, would...would break, breach the curfew and a German soldier said, "Halt," and he kept on running. And he got machine-gunned all the way across, and he fell right in front of our house. So the Germans started yelling, all the men "'Raus" [Get out], all the men out to help carry the body in and made me carry the body with four other persons. And because, the way he was machine-gunned, he was completely like cut in half. When I got home I was completely covered with blood, and I remember when I got into the house, my mother looked at me completely covered.There was something...such an awful thing to see first time. I was just absolutely covered with blood, and I always remember my mother's, uh, expression and my mother's fear and my mother's cry out when she saw me completely covered with blood and that was the first night, the first expression what was...We didn't know what's coming and it was a horrible thing, that first night”
-Germany and France
-Germany and Great Britain
-Germany and the Soviet Union
IX. Pearl Harbor
The Attack on Pearl Harbor...
DECEMBER 7 1941
attack because of the whole japan in indochina issue..
bunch of medals of honors rewarded..
originally going to be three little attack things instead of two..
wayyyyy lucky for us because like, we basically would have died if that actually hit the good big aircraft carrier ship things..
shallow harbor.. hard to drop torpedos.. buoyant with wood we went over this yesterday blah blah blah...
the first wave wanted to hit airfields and battle ships.. second one at shipyeard.. forgot to damage the shoreside facilities.. onca again lucky for us because these facilities were a big role in the allied victory in wwii..
japan didnt lose nearly as much as we did.
they intercepted a radio message and they knew that the japanese were planning an attack..
they thought it was going to be an attack on the phillipenes..
they thought that there were b17s coming in from the west
the ship the arizona blew up.. in a big way.
there were many reasons why we thought that they could not pull it off. the shallow water.. the distance.. the racist beliefs..
because of the embargo japan felt that they had three options: abandon ambitions in south east asia, compromise with the us, attatch dutch and british possesions in the pacific and us bases in the pacific
"backdoor to war" conspiracy..we started to get wayy harsh on japan... left it so they only had the option to attack so we basically asked for it.
But why exactly did Japan want to attack us?
In September of 1940, the United States placed an embargo on Japan. This prohibited the exports of goods to Japan including steel, scrap iron, and aviation fuel. We placed the embargo because of Japan's takeover of northern French Indochina. From June until July in 1941, Japan occupied southern Indochina. Two days later, the United States, along with Great Britain and the Netherlands froze Japanese assets which prevented Japan from buying oil.
There were warnings that Japan was going to attack. It was not a full suprise. The U.S. had broken a code and knew that an attack was coming. A warning arrived from Washington, but unfortunately, the warning arrived too late. Radar technology was new at this time, and when the Japanese planes appeared on American radar, they were mistaken as be B-17's flying in from the West Cost.
There were two waves of Japanese aircrafts that flew attacked Pearl Harbor that beautiful Sunday in December. The two waves of terror lasted for two hours. Eighteen American ships were either sunk or badly damaged. One thousand one hundred seventy-seven lives were lost on the Battleship U.S.S.R Arizona. The ship exploded and sank. All eight ships of the Pacific Fleet suffered from the attack.
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