The Great War (WWI)
1914-1918
Was call "The War to End all Wars"
Causes of WWI (Group 3)
- Imperialism- big countries taking over smaller countries
- Nationalism
- Alliances
- Militarism
- Germany, France, Italy, U.S., Turkey (example of countries that did some of these)
- Land disputes
- Competing for money, land, and resources
- Trust issues
- Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
Archduke Ferdinand- (Group 4)
- Archduke of Austria-Hungary
- Prince of Austria and Bohemia
- The Black Hand sent out assassin was the conspiracy
- Grenade was thrown at car, but it was too far back
- Driver took wrong turn into alley and he was shot and killed there
- 19 year old from Bosnia was shooter
- Wasn't very well liked
Leaders of major countries involved/alliances- (Group 4)
- France, Britain, Russia, Italy, U.S. (Allied Powers)
- Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey (Ottoman Empire), Bulgaria (Central Powers)
- U.S.- Woodrow Wilson
- Helped lead allies to victory
- Part of "Big Four" (Italy, France,
- Kept us neutral until 1917
- Russia- Tsar Nicholas II **
- Pushed Russia into war they didn't want to be in
- Took control of Russian armies, Sept 1915
- Great Britain- Lloyd George **
- Helped create Treaty of Versailles
- Part of "Big Four"
- Italy- Emilio Orlando
- Part of "Big Four"
- France- George Clemenceau **
- Part of "Big Four"
- Wanted Germany to receive harsh punishment in Treaty of Versailles
- Central Powers
- Germany- Kaiser Wilhelm II **
- Advocated Germany from the Treaty of Versailles
- Turkey (Ottoman Empire)- Mustafa Kemal Pasha
- Served in field commands and became Turkey's first president
- Austria- Hungary- Franz Josef I
- Serbia refused to accept the ultimatum made by Austria-Hungary
- Declared war
- Bulgaria- Vasil Radoslavov
- Delayed Bulgaria's entrance into war until 1915
- Released statement announcing that Bulgaria would be entering war on Central Power
Trenches (Group 1)
- Could not advance
- Ditches
- Stretch hundreds of miles
- "Misery in the Mud"
- dead corpses
- bodily waste
- walking in mud
- food
- trench foot
- dead corpses
- Shell shock
- Gas attacks
- Trapped- No mans land
Main weapons used and new weapons invented ( Group 7)
- Rifles
- Bolt action
- Used for mid to long range
- Handguns
- Mostly revolvers
- Luger's would often jam (German handgun)
- Machine guns
- Browning models (a lot of them)
- Used to in trenches
- Shotguns
- Close range
- Deadly a close range
- Grenades
- "Pineapple Grenades"
- People generally died from the shrapnel
- Anti-Tank
- Used to get through the armor of tanks
- Mortars
- Fired explosives
- Explosives exploded on impact
- Sub-machine Guns
- Not used as often
- Smaller and easier to carry than machine guns
- Often gamed
- Support
- Like mortar only flatter (cannons)
- Knives
- Flamethrowers
- Used to clear out machine gun nests
- Trench Raiding
- Hatchet, pickaxe, spades, axe (things used)
- Gas
- Used to suffocate them (mustard gas)
- Used to clear out trenches
Transportation methods (importance of planes, trains, vehicles…)-(Group 3)
- Aviation
- Wright Brothers (10 year after they invented)
- Reconnaissance- Italian Ansaldo SVA
- Average lifetime- 93 hours
- Fighters and bombers
- Manfred Von Richthofen (Red Baron)- from Germany and was best WWI pilot
- Navy
- German U-boat (submarine)
- Royal Navy
- Seaplane tenders
- Planes forced U-boats underwater
- "Argus" was one of the first aircraft carriers
- Tanks
- Early development (1 year into war)
- Original designs failed
- Failed often
- Experimented with different design trying to find a design that worked
- Had to wear masks at first so they wouldn't get carbon-monoxide poisoning
How US got involved (Group 1)
- Zimmerman telegram***
- Propaganda (way of convincing people through media)***
- German submarine warfare (North America & Mediterranean)***
- The "Sussex Pledge" (Germany and U.S. agreement)***
- They wouldn't hit any ship that had passengers on it unless they know it armed
- Sinking of the Lusitania***
- Nye Committee
- They looked at the causes of us going into war
- Said that big company's pushed us in to make money
- Trade with Great Britain
- We traded with both countries at beginning
- After awhile we were trading with Great Britain more
Battles (Christian B. and Keenan-Oracio)
- Major Battles (in general)
- Battle of Somme
- July 1- November 18, 1916
- One of the biggest battles
- Over 1,000,000 deaths
- No one really won
- Battle of Verdun
- Germany was trying to gain Paris
- 250,000 died and 500,00 wounded
- France won
- Battle of Gaza
- March 26,1917
- First attempt by Egyptian expeditionary force to invade Ottoman empire
- 523 killed, 2932 wounded, 512 missing
- 100 Days Offenses
- Major offense pushed by the US, Great Britain
- Last big push that led to end of war
- August-November 1918
Homefront(Group 2)
- What's going on in the country while the war is being fought
- Women
- American Red Cross
- Worked more
- Volunteer work
- Filled in for men
- Set up things to sent overseas
- Shortly after WWI women got the right to vote
- Children
- Raised by single mothers
- Helped more
- Lack of parental support
- Boy scouts
- Sold bonds
- Woodrow Wilson thought people would listen to kids
- African-Americans
- Few in war (limit of segregated units)
- More jobs
- Helped contribute
- War Industries Board
- Industrial production increased
- Food Administration
- Herbert Hoover led it
- Conserved things like food, gas, etc.
- "Food is Ammunition don't waste it" was the slogan
- Committee on Public Information
- Made the propaganda
- George Creel was leader
- Goal of propaganda get people to in list, buy war bonds, conserve food, don't talk bad about government, and plant victory garden.
- National War Labor Board
- Lead by William H. Taft
- Set up to discourage strikes
- Settled disputes between workers
- "Work or fight" was slogan
October Revolution (Group 3)
- Saar Nicholas II was taken out of power
- Saar and his family was held prisoner and killed after he was taken out of power
- Valdemar Lenin (Lenin by itself is fine)
- Became mute
- Leon Truski leader of communist army
- Stalin sent soviet spy to assassinate him
- Josephson Stalin said to be worst communist
- 40 million killed/died over his policy
Wilson’s 14 Points(Zach and Lucas)
- 1. Wilson said no more secret agreements (between countries) (no more secret treaties).
- 2. Wilson made it so they could have free navigation of all seas.
- 3. An end to all economic barriers between countries so that there could be free trade.
- 4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. Reduce military forces and/or numbers.
- 5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial so the colonies would be regulated fairly. (end imperialism)
- 6. The German Army is removed form Russia. (Russia should be left to develop their own political set-up) (self-determination- letting countries decide their own government decisions)
- 7. Belgium should be independent after the war
- 8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to fully recover
- 9. A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy. So that Italy would get land for Austria-Hungary
- 10. Self-determination for Austria-Hungary. (Let them make their own government decisions)
- 11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states
- 12. Turkish people should be led by the Turkish government. Non-Turkish empire should govern themselves, and same with Ottoman empire
- 13. An independent Poland should be created
- 14. League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all countries
Armistice (Group 6)
- Agreement to stop fight for a certain period of time.
- The allies started a final push at Germany
- Central Powers start to give up, Turkey and Austria signed armistice
- Germany gives up on November 11, 1918
- Between Allies and Germany
- Ended the fighting in WWI
- People around the world celebrated
- Armistice day to Veteran's day
- Allied forces won (U.S., Britain, and France)
- German forced to surrender due to successful blockade
- Signing of Treaty of Versailles (Ended WWI; lead to WWII)
- League of Nations was formed
- The war ended on Nov. 11, 1918
- 15 million killed; 20 million wounded at the end of war (total US. 117,465)
- Defeat of German Empire, Austria-Hungarian Empire, Ottoman Empire
- Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Poland (new countries formed)
- This was compromise between what France and the US. wanted
- June 28, 1919 (when it was signed
- Versailles Palace (where it was signed (right outside of Paris))
- Took six month of negotiating
- B.R.A.T (trick to remember)
- Blame- Germany had to take the blame for starting the war
- Repair- Germany had to pay all the reparations of the damage of the war (33 billion is what Germany had to pay)
- Army- Germany's army had to be under 100,000 men and their Navy was reduced greatly (no submarines, air-boats)
- Territory- Germany lost land and all the colonies were given back (lost land to France, Belgium, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Lost colonies in Africa)
- League of Nations was setup
- (What Wilson wanted most)
- World wide piece keeping organization
- all members must submit disputes for investigation, arbitration and settlement
- If they didn't leave after asking them to stop they would trade with them
- France wanted an international army but US. and Great Britain didn't
- Great Britain, France, Italy, U.S., Japan (countries supposed to be in it
- U.S. never joined
- Harding (R) vs James Cox (D)
- Harding wanted to "Return to Normal"
- James Cox want to join league of nations
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