MONDAY-
Roman Religion
-government and religion were linked
-many of the gods came from some aspect of the Greek gods
-among the most important Roman Gods and goddesse were
Jupiter (father of Zeus) Venus, Neptune, Juno, Aphrodite, Minerva
The Rise of Christianity
-very personal and practiced with little emotion
-Rome took over the Jewish land of Israel around 63 BCE which introduced Christianity to the Roman Empire
-Christianity broke off from Judaism and was based on the life and teachings of Jesus as well as his death and resurrection
-As Jesus traveled around preaching, many people started following him
Why was Christianity attractive to people?
-promised eternal life after death
-embraced all people
-gave hope to the powerless
-appeal to those who were repelled by the extravagances of imperial Rome
-offered a personal relationship with a loving God
-Paul, an apostle, stresses that Jesus was the son of God who died for people's sins
-he declared that christianity should welcome all converts
Rome's Reaction
-Rome persecuted Christians since they didn't worship Roman Gods
-many were crucidfied, burned, killed, or whipped (wild animals sometimes killed them)
-Constantine named Christianity one o fthe Roman Empires religions in 313 AD after winning a battle where he believed the Christian God intervened
-In 380 AD, Roman Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the empire's official religion
Early Christian Issues
-time went on, growing disagreements between Christians in regards to beliefs
-New Testament was added to make Christian bible which helped unify Christians
-Include 4 gospels
Nicene Creed
-constantine further unified the teachings of Christianity
-church leaders wrote the Nicene Creed, which defined the basic beliefs of the Church
Fall of Roman Empire
-historians generally agree that the end of the reign of the emperor Marcus Aurelius marked the end of two centuries of peace and prosperity and the Roman Empire
3 Main Causes For Fall Of Rome
1. Internal problems and conflicts
2. Separation of the Roman Empire into East and West
3. Outside Invasions
Split of the Empire
-Diocletian was a strong ruler that brought law and order back to the Empire
-He believed that the empire had grown too large and too complex for one ruler
-He divided the empire into two
-greek speaking west
-latin speaking west
He took the eastern half for himself and appointed a co-ruler for the West
Constantine
-took control of the western part of the Roman Empire in 312 AD and also took control of the eastern part
-unite the empire and move empire to Byzantium then changed name into Constantinople
-Huge walls were built around Constantinople to protect it from barbarians
-after he died, empire was split into 2 again
TUESDAY-
Germanic Invasions
-Germanic Tribes moved into the Roman Empire due to the Huns moving into their territory around 370
-seen as Barbarians
-tribes attacked and took over all areas all throughout the empire and eventually sacked Rome itself
The Huns
-moved into Europe from Central Asia and battled the Germanic tribes
-Huns invaded both parts of the Roman Empire
-Huns attacked over 70 cities (couldn't get past walls) (Invaded Rome but failed)
-Attila the Hun died in 453 AD and so did the Hun's power
Rome fell by Invasion by Germanic tribes and by Huns
The Last Emperor and the End
-last Roman emperor was Romulus Augustus a 14 year old
-he was ousted by German forces and Rome fell
-Eastern Roman Empire continuted and flourished until the Ottoman Turks took them over in 1453
-After Rome fell, Europe fell into the Dark ages from around 500-1500
WEDNESDAY-
Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne Ch. 13
-Middle Ages lasted roughly 500-AD-1500 AD
-medieval simply means "of or relating to the middle ages"
-dark ages was the period in western europe between 500
The Dark Ages
-magyars and vikings raided western european church monasteries and destroyed many of these centers of learning
-europe was thrown backwards
-science, culture, learning were not focused on as much as they had been with Ancient Rome and Greece
What happened to Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire?
-In the East, the Byzantine Empire became a center for trade & Greco-Roman culture
-When Germanic barbarian tribes conquered Rome, Europe was plagued by the constant warfare
-Warfare disrupted trade, destroyed Europe's cities, and forced people to rural areas
-Learning declines, few people could read or write
-Greco-Roman culture was forgotten
-Europe lost a common language, Latin mixed with local languages to form Spanish, French, Italian
The invasions and fall of the Roman Empire cause the following problems in Europe
1. The Disruption of Trade
-Centralized Roman Authority broke down and with it went the protection of trade
-Without Roman power and protection, roads and trade routes were no longer safe
-Without trade and commerce, the economy tanked
-Money became scarce
2. Downfall of Cities
-With the disruption of trade, cities were no longer the vital economic centers they once were
-With the breakdown of central Roman authority, cities were no longer needed as centers of government
-People moved to the countryside
-London, Paris, Rome, Florence, Milan, among others were stilll around
3. Population Shifts
-With the cities no longer the important places they once were, people started mirgrating to the country
-They could grow their own food and felt safer there
4. Decline of Learning
-The Germanic "barbarians" could not read or write
-The Germanic languages started becoming important, but they lacked a writing system
-Important info was all in Latin or Greek
-The science adn philosophy of ancients greece/rome got ignored/lost as the Germanic people didn't have much use for it
-Church leaders were the only people that remained educated
5. Loss a common knowledge
-As it was divided, Latin language started evolving
-Change came from seperation among the people as well as the influence of the Germanic peoples living in the particular areas
6. Decline of Infrastructure
-All the great public works fell into disrepair: the aqueducts, the public baths, libraries, arenas
-The Germanic leaders didn't really destroy them, they just didn't see the need to maintain them or spend money to do so
-It didn't help that these things were mainly located in cities, which people were leaving
Germanic Tribes
-Unlike Roman Empire, they focused on family ties and personal loyalty to unify society
-Every Germanic chief led a band of warriors who had pledged their loyalty to him
-In peactime, these followers lived in their lord's hall and provided food, weapons, and treasure by their chif
-Very loyal
-In battle, warriors fought to the death at their lord's side and considered it a disgrace to outlive him
-Germanic warriors felt no obligation to obey a king they did not even know that lived far away
-The Germanic stress on personal ties made it impossible to establish orderly government for large terroritories
The Church
-The Roman Catholic Church was the one centralized institution that remained from the Roman Empire
-It was also the only literate one
-Since literacy was necessary for the practice of the religion, the clergy was able to read
-Provided stability in the chaos of the Dark Ages
THURSDAY-
Clovis
-brought christianity to the Germanic franks in modern day france
-franks were learning (prayed to a god and they won the battle)
-they all converted to christianity
-unifying france
Pope Gregory (The Great)
-expanded Pope's role past religion
-involved in government
-used church revenues to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor
-pope vs kings
Charles Martel (The Hammer)
-prince
-ruling country as king although he wasn't king
-extended France
Battle of Tours
-defeated Muslims
-saves Europe
80,000 Musclims
30,000 Franks
Pepin the Short
-Charles Martel's son
-became the first king of the carolingian empire
-Major empire basing on much of France (modern day France)
Charlemagne
-Pepin's son Charles
-unify France
-expanded the carolingian empire
-bigger and stronger than the Byzantine empire
-Pope Leo thanked him for saving him and made him Emperor
Holy Roman Empire
-lasted a long time
-more of Europe
-France, Germany, part of Italy
Why Leo crowned Charlemagne importance
-It showed that Pople had the power to dictate who would be the ruler
Treaty of Verdon
-Split empire into 3 kingdom/areas (sons)
-Led to issues
-Empire lost power and a new form of governing and landholding can about feudalism
FRIDAY-
Feudalism
-higher archery
-King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants
-King give land to nobles who then gives somealnd to knights who then gives protection to peasants
**-political, social and economic system of Europe during the Middle Ages Feudalism began in Europe as a way to offer protection to people
***-based on land and in return, loyalty
-land owning lords offer land (fief) to knights in exchange fo their loyalty and promise to protect the lord's land
-landowners control their land by giving pieces to vassals. The vassals promise to defend the land
Parceling Out the Land
-king took 20% of the land
-church took 25% of the land
-Nobles/Lords/Barons took 50% fo the land
-knights took 5%
-Serfs worked the land
-Kings and lords built castles to protect
MONDAY-
Lords land was called a manor
Knights Warriors on Horseback
saddles and stirrups (kept warrior firmly seated)
knights protect lord/king in return for land
devoted life to war
trained a lot
hunting/wrestling/running
service for land
defended terroritories
Chivalry
-knights were expected to show courage in a battle, loyalty to their lord, and to protect the weak and poor
-ideal was loyal, brave, and courteous
-most failed to meet these standards
-treated the poor brutally
Fair Play - never attack if they don't attack, no cheaating/torturing
age 7 -start training
age 14 -became squire
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