Week of September 25th - September 29th

Monday - 

  • Peloponnesian War
    • Athens allies were located on coast
    • Pericles Plan to Win
      • Avoid land battles and wait to attack Sparta from the sea and build walls to protect city and port - a wall surrounding supplies and path to city
  • Rise of the Philosophers = lovers of wisdom
    • A philosopher is someone who tries to explain the nature of life
    • After losing to Sparta in the Peloponnesian War, people in Athens turned to philosophers for answers
    • Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
      • Socrates (470 - 399 BC)
        • philosopher of Ancient Greece
        • Socrates taught by asking questions/honor and integrity - not wealth and power
          • Method of questioning is still called the Socratic method
        • Put on trial and found guilty for "corrupting the youth of Athens"
          • Put to death by hemlock = poison
        • "There is only one good, knowledge, and one evil, ignorance."
      • Plato (427 - 347 BC)
        • Student of Socrates
        • Started school called The Academy that lasted 900 years
        • Wrote a book called The Republic
          • The book talked about a perfectly governed society - not a democracy
          • Ideal society put all citizens into three groups: farmers and artisans, warriors, and the ruling class
          • The person with greatest intellect from ruling class would be king
      • Aristotle (384 - 322 BC)
        • Student of Plato
        • Wrote about science, art, law, poetry, government, etc.
        • Taught Alexander the Great
        • "He who studies how things originated will achieve the clearest view of them."
  • The Story of Ancient Greece (2000 BC - 300 BC : BEFORE EVERYTHING UP TO HERE)
    • Seven Wonders of the Ancient World (only studying ones in Greece)
      • 1. Colossus of Rhodes
        • Statue of Helios, Greek Titan god
        • Made of bronze
        • Same size as Statue of Liberty
        • One of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World
        • Lasted just over 50 years due to earthquake
        • Believed to have been melted down and sold by Arab invaders
      • 2. The Temple of/Statue of Artemis
        • Built around 800 BC
        • Artemis is Greek Goddess of Fertility
        • The temple was destroyed several times due to wars
        • Current day archaeologists have found the foundations of 5 temples built on top of each other
      • 3. The Statue of Zeus at Olympia
        • Built around 450 BC
        • The statue was said to be made of gold and marble
        • Eventually destroyed after being taken apart and moved
      • 4. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
        • Built around 353 BC
        • Tomb was built by Queen Artemisia as a tribute to her husband/brother King Mausolus
        • Destroyed by earthquakes in the 1100 - 1400s AD
        • All that survives today are the foundation blocks
      • 5. Lighthouse of Alexandria
        • Lighthouse was built in 280 BC
        • It was the worlds first lighthouse (reflected sunlight by day/fire at night)
        • Most likely destroyed by earthquakes from 956 - 1325 AD
        • Remains were found in the Mediterranean Sea in 1994
        • Egypt is building an underwater museum for tourists
    • Key Terms/People Section 1
      • Peninsula = a peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on the majority of its border, while being connected to a mainland from which it extends
      • Minoan = a seafaring and trading people that lived on the island of Crete 2000 to 1400 BC
      • Mycenaean = an Indo-European person who settled on Greek mainland around 2000 BC
      • Trojan war = army led by Mycenaean kings attacked the independent trading city of Troy
      • Dorian = people that migrated into mainland Greece after the destruction of the Mycenaean civilization
      • Homer = great story teller who was blind
      • Epic = narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds
      • Myth = traditional stories about gods, ancestors, or heroes.

Tuesday - 

  • Geography of Greece
    • Small country in Europe
    • The main part of Greece is on a peninsula
    • Surrounded by three bodies of water
      • Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, and Ionian Sea
    • Rest of Greece is made up of islands
      • 6000 total (227 are inhabited)
    • Importance of geography
      • Sea was extremely important because it provided protection, fishing, trade, etc. 
        • Did not live "on the land" but "around the sea"
        • Most Greeks lived within 85 miles of the sea
        • Used the sea as means of transportation
        • Sea linked all parts of Greece to other areas for trade which was essential due to lack of resources
    • Mountains covered around 3/4's of ancient Greece
    • Due to mountains, transportation over land was difficult
    • Greeks did not have much fertile land for agriculture
    • Due to these issues, ancient Greece never had a large population - no more than a few million
    • These issues might have led some leaders to look to expand 
    • Greek City-States
      • Due to Greece's geography, city-states developed instead of a unified country
      • What is a city-state?
        • Some were ruled by kings, others were ruled by small group of noble, landowning families, and others by a few powerful people
  • Thirteen Olympian Greek gods
    • Zeus
      • King of gods, sky, thunder
    • Hera
      • Women, marriage
    • Demeter
      • Harvest, agriculture
    • Poseidon
      • Sea
    • Athena
      • Wisdom, courage, etc.
    • Apollo
      • Music, poetry, healing
    • Artemis
      • The hunt, wild animals, childbirth
    • Aphrodite
      • Love, beauty, pleasure
    • Ares
      • War
    • Hermes
      • Transitions and boundaries
    • Hephaestus
      • Blacksmith, craftsmen, artisans
    • Hestia
      • Hearth, home, domesticity, family
    • Dionysus
      • Vine, Grape Harvest, Wine-making, wine
  • Ancient Olympics
    • Records of Olympics date to 776 BC and lasted until 393 AD when the Romans ended them
    • Lasted one day at first but eventually extended to five days
    • Happened every four years - an Olympiad
    • Started as a tribute to Zeus and has a mythological origin
    • The modern Olympic Games started up again in 1896 in Athens, Greece
    • The big competition at the games was the Pentathlon (Pente = 5) (Athlon = competition)
      • 1. Long jump
      • 2. Javelin
      • 3. Discus
      • 4. Stadion (Running) - 200 yards
      • 5. Wrestling
    • Modern vs Ancient Olympics
      • Modern
        • Both genders may compete
        • We nominate for where we want the Olympics to be held
        • Any nation may compete
        • They don't compete in the nude
      • Both
        • Discus
        • Javelin
        • Wrestlin
      • Ancient
        • Only men may compete
        • Olympics were only held in Greece
        • Only people from Greece could compete
        • Men competed nude in the Olympics to show their toughness and pride
  • Climate
    • Temperature never got too cold (50-84 all year)
    • Nice weather
    • They did a lot of stuff outside
  • Minoans and Mycenaens
    • Mycenaean civilization where Greece is
    • Minoan civilization was where Crete is
    • Minoan Civilization
      • 2000 - 1500 BC
      • Heavily influenced by the Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations
      • Named after legendary Crete King Minos of Greek mythology
      • Known for trade on the seas
      • Due to its isolation on the island of Crete, generally peaceful
      • Known for its advanced cities – Knossus
        • Not overcrowded, had plumbing, had toilets, had sewers
        • Women had much higher status than in earlier civilizations
        • Known for their art and pottery
        • Downfall of Minoans
          • Around 1500 BC, the Minoan civilization ended abruptly
          • Historians think it could have been an earthquake which leveled cities and their ships
          • Video: tsunami caused by local volcano
          • They could have been ran over by Mycenaeans
          • Some historians think Minoa could have been Atlantis
Wednesday - Friday–
        • Continued notes above and vid

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