Monday- Labor day no school
Tuesday- went over forum posts. Talked about the presidential race and continued with presentations
Wednesday- presentations
Thursday- presentations
Friday- presentations
Phoenicians
Political
When did they come to power?- 2750 BC. Founding of Tyre. 813 BC. Carthage
When did they lose power?- 146 BC. Fall of Carthage. Greeks or Romans destroyed area. Turks captured. 1516 A.D.
Government: Kingship, Royal houses claimed divine descent. Limited power, powerful merchant families. Council of elders
Law: Most advanced code of law. Destroyed when taken over. Admiralty law/maritime
War: Punic wars with Carthage. Rome and Carthage. Series of 3 wars. 3rd war
Economic
What type of economy?- Very deversied and complex economy. Relied heavily on trade
How do people make a living?- trading , merchandising
How were social classes made up? king social class middle class working class
Geography
Where is it- the base area is where Syria, Lebanon, Israel are today. Their control went all across the Mediterranean sea. Live on the east end of the Mediterranean. "the sea people"
does it have Natural barriers?- lived on a strip of fertile land between the Mediterranean and the Lebanon mountains. Divided into city states. Cities were usually buil on islands off the coast
Entertainment
music- playing the harp, Hymn to the Moon Goddess, NIkkal
Social
Religion: very important. Many gods that temples built in their name. Offering ans sacrifices were regularly made. Their religion would evolve by their greatest colony- Carthage. The kings of Sidon were called priests of Astarte. The Phoenician priest was Sanchuniathon from Berytus. Main god.. Astarte. Sidon- Baal Most important god at Sidon. Only one temple. Astarte- 2nd most important Eshmun. 3rd most important god at Sidon. Byblos- another god.
Worship:
- At temples, worshiped at natural sites, mountains, rivers, groves and trees, even rocks
-Prayers
-Burning incense
-Pouring of libations
-Making offerings to the gods of animal sacrifices, foodstuffs and precious goods
-Women would put prostitute themselves in the honour of Astarte
-At times of danger human sacrifices (often Children) were made
-Funerals included embalming or public ceremonies and feasts
-Some inscriptions in tombs call for the dead not the be disturbed and that there was an underworld for the one who did not live a religious life
Language
-used a semitic language (Hebrew, Arabic and Aramaic)
- Byblos spoke some Giblite (form of Phoenician)
- Not much of their text survived except fragments - the writing materials were too weak. Or they used them as re-used slates
- In mesopotamia the Sumerians drew signs/ pictograph with a wedge shaped
Alphabet-
- the proto- canaanite inscriptions (like hieroglyphics) are very close to the egyptain ones
-Proto sinaitic inscriptions were found on the site of serabit
Art
-best known for their small decorative item, Took ideas from other cultures
Gender roles
-Women had more freedom that most of the empires
-could divorce but still get their things back
-Many prostitutes- low jobs such as weaving textiles and wore/covered by many fabrics and cloth
-they had little to no say in the government
Sumerians
Economy
-Reliant on agriculture
-Majorly influenced by technologic advance in Mesopotamian history
- Lost of trading of goods involved
Making a living/job
- Pottery makers, stone cutters, bricklayers, metalsmiths, farmers, fisherman
-Jobs scaled with the social classes
-Women had less important jobs and ones similar to peasants
Social Classes
-At the top of the is the king, he owns all the and and gives it to his people as a trade for their loyalty and protection
-In the middle are merchants, skilled workers and traders
-At the bottom are the slaves and peasants
Social
Religion
-Sumerian religion was created around nature and its aspects. At first nature was worshiped in it original forms but later they became associated with human forms. This turned from nature being gods to gods being in control of nature. This eventually turned to city states being associated with gods.
Education
-Most of Sumerian education took place in a temple with the teacher being a priest. Most of the children in school came from wealthy families and were almost all male. School days lasted from sun up to sun down and children were praised if their work was done well and accurate. But if it was done wrong the would be punished by being hit with a stick or cane
Art
-Most of Sumerian art was made of clay because it was a common resource in Western Asia. They created many statues of their gods and their relationships with nature and animals. People also began to carve cylinder seals. They would use a piece of rock or clay and carve unique marks into so it would be very difficult to copy.
Entertainment
-Sumerian entertainment consisted of music festivals, sports like boxing and wrestling, board games, and toys like jump ropes and tops. Sumerians also began writing poetry and creating art.
Gender Roles of Women
- Women’s role in society depended on their social class level. Women in the lower class took care of children and their household. Women of the middle class could sell goods like clothes and even own a tavern with their husbands permission. Women in the high class like priestesses and members of the royal family were given some authority and could own property and attened legal matters without their husbands.
Gender Roles of Men
- Men’s role in Sumerian society was also dependent on the social class he is in. Wealthy men were rulers, lawmakers, and priests that had a lot of authority. Men in the middle class were mostly farmers and traders. The lowest class of men were slaves and had no say in many orders.
Politics
Rulers
- Sumeria had 18 major cities which kind of functioned as independent states but were often unified as on civilization under one king.
-Sumeria was ruled as one starting in the early dynastic period from 29oo- 2800 BC
- The earliest king authenticated with archaeology is enmebaragesi of Kish who ruled in the 26th century BC
-Organized city-states
- Ruled by a king
- More formal political structure- Govt. regulated religion, court system, Class system
-City -states had their own king
- Then there was the second early dynastic period from 2800- 2600 /bc and included the king Gilgamesh and this period was associated with lots of war.
- Nest was the early dynastic period 3a from 2600- 2500 BC
- Nest was the early dynastic period 3b 2500-2334 BC
-After this time, the Sumerian empire was than over by the Akkadian empire
-Lugal-Zage-Si was the last ethnically Sumerian King of Sumeria
City States
- Sumeria was a combination of 18 major city states and before 3000 BC and the beginning of they dynasties, they were separate with their own rulers
-it was mostly likely theocratic
-after 3000 BC wars between the city states became more common with kinds fighting all the time for control of Sumeria.
-It was ruled by many successive religious leaders or priest kings.
-This weakened Sumeria and they weren’t able to defend themselves from the Akkadians, who took them over in 2334 BC
Geography
Location
-Sumer is located in the most southern part of Mesopotamia.It is located directly between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The area of Sumer was located in what is now southern Iraq.
Natural Barriers
-The Sumerians lacked natural barriers which provides protection to new civilizations. Without these barriers the people of Sumer were very vulnerable and could not protect themselves or their village from other civilizations, natural disasters, or animals. They few natural barriers they had were the arabian desert to the west and the zagros Mountains to the east.
Land Type
- Sumer is located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and the land next to these rivers is very fertile and excellent for agriculture, but land away from the river is a dry desert. This caused people to move as close to the river as possible
Advances
-Credited with inventing the wheel
-Their cuneiform writing system was the first writings there is evidence of
-Concept of dividing the hour into 60 min and 60 sec.
-Thought to have invented military formations
-Among the first formal astronomers
-First to mix tin and copper to and bronze
Assyrian
Geography
-Assyria was located in the norther part of Mesopotamia also know as modern Iraq
-Two important rivers ran through assyria called the Tigris and the Euphrates
-In the north and east part of assyria were the Taurus and Zagros mountains
-the Assyrian sold was very rich and fertile. Since there soil was very rich they were able to feed a large population. They would help them grow and expand
Economic
-They were mainly farmers and herders that tried to keep to themselves even though they were on a major trade route. They were not remembered for trading because they believed in self reliance. They would only trade with surrounding villages if absolutely necessary for survival.
- They had established a tax for states and provinces around them that help them a lot. They even had a tax for egypt for a few years. They were mainly on the tigris river in small villages that had a great irrigation systems to help the agriculture. Al lot of immigrants from unknown places would flood in causing the boundaries to grow which allowed from more Forestry and mining.
Political
- 4500-2400 BC complex societies began to form throughout Mesopotamia.
-First society to make militarism a central policy
- Trade begins. Karum Kanes- wealth generates stability
-Hurrian and Hatti hold dominance in Anatolia, Ashur and the North Mesopotamia
-Assur, Nineveh, and Arbel unite
Government
- Monarchy led by a king
-Independent States- Own ruler
- Tax System- Destroy villages
The Fall: Over expansion- in 612 BC Meds and Chaldean join together to overthrow Assyrian rule- burn down Nineveh
2nd Rise
- 33 AD after the crucifixion, Assyrians converted to Christianity
- Religious Empire, Translations from Greek, Science, Philosophy, Medicine
- First university ever. The School of Nisibis
-630 Ad arabs weep the Middle East, assyrians converted from Christianity to Islam
-Timulan the Mongol end Assyrian Empire
Social
Education & Religion
-Educations was aimed towards the upper classes
-Priests & scribes,-Wealthy,-Boys
-Religion, Ashurism, Christianity
Art
- Wall drawings of war and hunting
-Sculptures of their leaders
Entertainment
- Music- drums and (Harp), Sports-Boxing and wrestling, and Game- board games
Gender Roles
- Women- stayed at home, took care of the home
-Men- Work, farm, leather producer, Brick makers, Carpentry
India Harappans
Economy
-Were a very wealthy civilizations
-They used gold instruments studded with jewels
-They got copper, tin, silver and gold from Nilgiri Region
-Trade link western asia
Social Classes
-Social class originated by Varna system
- Brahim- King and priest
-Kshatriyas- warriors and aristocrats
-Vaishya- cultivators, artisans, and merchants
-Shudra- peasants and servants
Geography
-Where is Harappans? Located in India
- Province of Pakistan
-Indus valley civilizations was bronze age of civilization
- one of the three early civilizations of the old world
Natural barriers
-Located in Indus valley
-Surrounded by high mountains
-Desert
-ocean
-Dense forest
-River
Farming
-Farmers made good use of water from the rivers- first farmers to take water from underground wells
-Indus valley farmers grew: wheat and grains
-Animals, cows, goats, and sheep
Natural Resources
-The Indus Valley had many natural resource that were important part of harappan civilization
-Resources: Fresh water, timber, gold, silver, semi-precious stones, marine resources
Social
Granary
-The “Granary” of Harappa is found of mound F
-It is a brick structure that was built on a massive brick foundation over 45 meters north-south and 45 meters east and west
-Two rows of six rooms each room about 15.2 by 6.1
Burial
-They placed them inside a wooden coffin (decayed later)
- Wore jewelry around their neck and wrists
-Had many grave robbers
-if an infant dies they are buried underneath there mother
Education
-All the education was oral, and all the writing was down on bark and leaves
-The wife would usually teach in the house, they would also be the ones to teach about religion
-They had their own writing
-There is a script that was found but it can not be read because they believe that some of the artifact they used as a symbol are gone.
Language
-They used pictographic script
-Carved into stone
-Some writings were made on the bottom of pottery before firing
Political
-Quotes around political system because of how the civilization was ran.
-It existed around 3000 - 15000 bc and was primarily an agricultural and mercantile community, focusing on farm and trade.
Advanced tech of their time
-architecture
-gender equality
-Religion”
- Burials
-Relative peace (large injury rate found in skeletons)
Rapid down fall
-The harappans were believed to have been steady, then fell off instantly once being taken or by a civilization of “Pantheistic Indo-Europeans” know as Aryans. Not the 1944 German version, but the 3000 bc rule most of modern
Monetization
-being a primary farm and trade baded culture, they made their money from their many trade routes to western Asia
-Largest city and is thought to have been the capital” Mohenjo-Daro was the second largest city and was most likely the capital of one Harappa’s provinces”
-they lacked societal borders
- they’re not sure but they believe it was religion ran (pagan religion was popular)
Religion
Buddhism
Hinduism
- the oldest religion
- Hindus believe in one person
- Temple rituals and ritual bathing in the great bath
-Believes in karma
Female gods
- Mother Goddess (Sakti) (Indonesian = magic)
-Siva figure of a deity with three faces, whith horned head dress, sitting cross legged, many animals surrounded her
Art
-Pottery working
-weaving
-jewelry
-Metal work- statues of girls are believed to be gods
- They also placed many instruments like the tambora.
Entertainment
Children
-small whistles have been discovered some like animals bird shaped
-small carts
-a monkey that could slide down a string
Adults
- Dancing
Pool- a central pool was found that is believed to be used as a swimming pool or used as religions purposes.
The Great Bath
-Called the earliest public water tank of the ancient world.
-Measured up to 11.88 meter x 7 and 2.
- to wide staircases
Clothing
- they wore colorful robes
- jewelry and lipstick
Gender Roles
-Men- superior worked
-Women : clean cook, nurse (take care of kids) she was to please her husband and care about him more than anything else she loved
-Children: obey and respect parents.
Babylonians
Geography
-Babylon is in Iraq, 59 miles from Baghdad Iraq
-Babylon means “gate of the Gates”
-Rivers Tigris River and Euphrates River
-There are no mountain ranges near Babylon but the Zagros mountains run towards the top of Iraq
-The land had natural barriers of the 2 rivers but nothing else really acted as a barrier
-The land was very rich with nutrients causing more food that could be grown and sold.
Advanced or Creations by the Babylonians
-they started documenting medical history of people to help diagnose them for the future
- the Zodiac (depending on when you were born)
-Glazed brick- they used glaxed bricks to decorate themples or any other building
-The Seeder plow- this allowed farmers to plant crops and plow their field at the smae time
-Architectural designs- they made the dome, column arc
-transportation- used wind for sailing
Social Classes
- Kings,
-Nobels, birthright and politcal status
-priests, sacred rituals, contact with “gods”
-soldiers, sicle sword
-slaves, serfs
Jobs of economy
- brickmaker- clay and shale thing layers of silt 2000 deg.
-smith, heating hammering, forging
-carpenter - woodworker
-wheelwriter- wheel maker
-exorcist - healer
Currency and trade
-barley preceded silver
-leal ration, one shekel of silver=180 grains of barley
-power of gold
- Exports- grains, oils, textiles
-import- timber wine, precious metals
-Assyria and Syria
The hanging gardens
-seven wonders of Ancient World
-605 BC
-Nebuchadnezzar II
- 8200 gallons
-75 feet water, dropped on.
Politics
-Ruled by a king, monarchy
-Nebuchadnezzar II- expanded Babylon
Warfare
-chariot or horseback
-Had a code that everybody had to live by- eye for an eye
-Based around religion and gods
-Had many gods
Relgion
-Religion is greatly influenced by the Sumerian counterparts.
-Gods represented different elements or aspects of the world
-Deiteis
-Ashur god of wind head of the assyrian
-Anu- god of heaven and the sky, l
-Enki- god of abzu
-Marduk- water, vegetation,
Education
- msot education consisted of becoming a scribe
-Education started at 8 or 9
-boys were mostly able to school
Gender Roles
Women
- wives, mother,s housekeepers. Making cloths
Men
-Rulers
-Rulemaker
-Farmers,
-Fathers
-Warriors
-builders
Art
-Most grand, sophisticated and elaborated
-clashed with Egyptian art
Entertainment
-Ancient kings and their love of big game hunting
-banquet were also held a bas- reliefs show kings and queens receiving guest in lush garden
-entertained by musicians and waited on by servants at tall tables of four
-Boxing, wrestling
-playing board games
Comments