Monday-
We had a workday.
Tuesday-
Anheuser-Busch wants to merge with SABMiller. The beer companies say they need to merge to fight against independent beer companies.
Political machines usually one person controls the politics of a city. They would provide jobs, shelter, and money for immigrants in return for votes for their candidates. Machines are separate from politicians. The boss is above the mayor. Everyone is working for the city government in a way. Common workers usually worked for the machines. Ward bosses would have a certain part of the city. The city boss is at the top of the pyramid. Roscoe Croker is like the sun, everything revolves around him. There was a lot of corruption in government. It was called the kickback system. They would grant favors to big businesses. Spoil systems and patronage. They would kickback money to appease people. Boss Tweed stole tens of millions of dollars in NY. The rich were in the cahoots with the rich. Big business people would try to keep the white, rich males. The spoil system was being able to put anyone in the government that you want. They took advantage of the situation. It lead to lots of dishonesty in the government. Patronage is a spoils system. Boss William Marcy Tweed was the Boss of the Democratic political machine in NYC. The building Tweed worked in was Tammany Hall. He cared about money. He stole immigrant's money through taxation. They stole tax payers money. Thomas Nast tried to break down political machines. He also made the modern day Santa Claus. Tweed picked NY to the bones. He was a vulture. He destroyed New York. Almost everyone was guilty of stealing. It was difficult to catch anyone. Pendleton Civil Service Act 1883- Required most government jobs to be given through a merit system based on test scores. 1883: 14,000-117,000 - government jobs required tests in 1900 100000-2000000 government jobs required tests. It started cleaning up the government.
Status quo president gave power and money to the rich. Ulysses S. 1869-1877 Status Quo Republican. He had several scandals while in office. He was a major military leader. Rutherford B. Hayes -1877-81 Republican. James Garfield-1881 Reform-Republican. He was extremely smart. He was killed because of the spoils system. He didn't believe in the system and the man shot him. He was the last of the log cabin president and he was a janitor and a carpenter. He was an assistant professor in his second year in college and became college president. He grew up in extreme poverty. Chester Arthur became the next president 1881-1885. He was a reform-republican. Groveer Cleveland-1885-1889 and 1893-97. Two term president, just not consecutive. Reform-Democrat. Benjamin Harrison-1889-1893. William McKinley-1897-1901 Status Quo-Republican.
Wednesday- Chapter 8:
- Advances and Technologies:
- Skyscrapers
- Flatiron Building- 1902
- Electric streetcars
- Subways- 1904
- Cash register- 1879
- Automatic dishwasher- 1889
- Vacuum cleaner- 1899
- Airplane- 1903
- Kodak Camera- 1888
- Automobile- late 1800's
- Light Bulb- 1879
- Telephone- 1876
- Typewriter- 1867
- Radio- 1895
- Toilet paper- 1857
- Skyscrapers
- Expanding Public Education:
- Before the mid 1800's, education was for the wealthy
- Most states had public schools by 1865
- But many school-aged children still received no formal education- worked in factories instead
- Between 1865-1895, state passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of schools
- Classes focused on the "3 R's"- reading, "riting", and "rithmetic"
- Memorization and recitation was very common
- Why did "the lecture" become a common strategy for teachers?
- Lecturing is generally a way to teach. Immigrants couldn't read or write, so it was an easy way to get everyone to learn.
- How is our school system set up like a factory during the Industrial Revolution? It was patterned like factories.
- The bells
- Assembly line- one grade after another and one class after another. You could not focus all of your attention on one person. It wasn't individualized. Schools are even one size fits all.
- Students are tested and if they pass, they move to the next part of the assembly line
- Students were/are "one size fits all" and prepared students to work in factories upon finishing school
- African American and Immigrant Education:
- African Americans were most likely excluded from public schools or had to attend segregated schools
- In 1910, 3% of African Americans between the ages of 15-19 attended high school
- Immigrants were encouraged to go to schools
- Most European immigrant families sent their children to the free public schools
- Children learned English and became "Americanized"
- Religion in School:
- Public schools had mandatory readings from the Protestant Bible
- Many Catholic families were concerned
- Catholic communities set up their parochial schools to give their children a Catholic Education
- Parochial school: a school supported by a church parish
- Higher Education
- College enrollments quadrupled from 1880-1920.
- High School diploma and entrance exams were used in admittance purposes.
- Morril Act-1862
- Iowa State-1858
- Drake-1881
- Iowa-1847
- UNI-1876
- Enrollment in college was very low until the 1960's, it sky-rocketed due to the Vietnam War and women started going to college.
- Before the mid 1800's, education was for the wealthy.
- Most states had public schools by 1865.
- Many school-aged children still received no formal education worked in factories instead.
- Between 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of schools.
- Segregation
- Literacy Test- In order to vote, you had to prove you were able to read and write.
- Poll tax- To vote you had to pay a poll tax, especially in the south
- Grandfather Clause(1-1-1867)- If your grandfather could vote before this, you could too, if he couldn't vote, neither could you. This barred blacks from voting. Poor whites were allowed to votes.
- Jim Crow laws- Segregation laws. Jim Crow was in a minstrel show. He was black, but painted his face white.
- Plessy v Ferguson-1896- This established segregation in our country. It didn't end until 1953. There were separate, but not equal. It ended in 1953 due to Brown v Board of Education. They rallied to get rid of the separate. Desegregation began in 1953.
- "Separate but Equal"
- Separate and unequal in reality
- Lynching and violence
- African Americans tend to vote Democrat nowadays.
- Segregation was forbidden in Iowa in 1953. North vs. South still going on.
- "Colored and Negro" were terms for the African Americans. Blacks and Afro Americans were also terms.
- Entertainment
- Circuses.
- Ringling Brothers began in the 1880's and they bought out Barnum and Bailey's
- It is still around today
- People moved to the cities for entertainment
- Coney Island (1903) Amusement Parks
- Vaudeville were comedy, singing, dancing, and ventriloquism. Musicians, actors, almost everyone started in vaudeville.
- Black face is when a white person paints himself black. Minstrel shows were very popular. You see white people acting as black people.
- Parks- Central Park in NYC-1857. It would beautify cities.
- Basketball- Dr. James Naismith
- First public game in 1892.
- Baseball- invented by Abner Doubleday in 1839. Major league baseball became big in the late 1800's. It was America's past-time.
- Football
- Late 1800's college football became popular. NFL wouldn't start until the 1920's.
- Tennis, Golf, Boxing, and Biking (1885).
- John McDermott
- First US golfer to win US open
- Youngest to have won- 19 in 1911. Still holds this record.
- Paddy Ryan
- Bare-knuckle Champion of America 1880-82.
- "Gentleman Jim" Corbett 1892-1897- Heavyweight Champ.
- Jack Johnson Heavyweight Champion 1908-1915.
- First Motion picture with a plot was The Great Train Robbery in 1903. Thomas Edison led the mass movie movement.
- World Fair's
- Focused on showcasing the latest and greatest in inventions and technology
- 1853- NY, 1876 Philadelphia, 1893 Chicago (Ferris Wheel), 1901 Buffalo (McKinley killed), 1904 St. Louis, 1915 San Francisco.
Ch 8.1
What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
Ch. 8.2
How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Ch 8.3
What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson
Ch. 8.4
Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's
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