Week of November 14th to 18th

[6Alex]

Monday(November 14th) 

Where did immigrants come from? All over the world, During this time mostly Europe. Now its mexico and South America.

 Step Four- Beyond Ellis Island 

• As they left Ellis Island, the next stop was the money Exchange 
• Cashiers exchanged paper money, from countries all over Europe, for American dollars
• Then it was off to New York City or the railroad ticket office to go anywhere in the country that they wanted 

Why were immigrants disliked in the US in the late 1800's/early 1900's? 

• Took jobs 
• Kept wages low 
• Different culture 
• Racism

Chines Exclusion Act - 1882 

• Banned all Chinese immigration to the US from 1882 - 1902 
• Why ban Chinese immigrants? 
  • They were taking jobs 
  • based on racism 

Gentleman's Agreement - 1907 

• Informal agreement between the Untied States and Japan 
• The US would not restrict Japanese immigration and Japan would not allow further immigration to the US 
• The goal was to reduce tensions between the US and Japan 
• What was the tension? 
  • Japan was becoming a super power /the war that ended between Russia and Japan
  • segregation in schools in US 

Chapter 7.2 Key Questions: 

Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's early 1900's? 

• Immigrants 
• Farmers moved to the city 
• African-Americans moved to the cities 
• Cities offered more jobs and opportunities 
• Cities offered more entertainment 

What problems did cites face due to the rapid increase in population? 

• Problems in the City 
  • Cramped, old, dirty housing-tenements 
  • Lack of good transportation 
  • Lack of safe drinking water 
  • Disease was common 
  • Streets were filthy 
  • Crime
  • Fires
  • Poverty due to low pay at work 

Jacob Riis "How the Other Half Lives" 

What did people/organizations do to try to help the bad situation in the cities? 

Tuesday(November 15th) 

Jacob Riis. He wrote a book "How the Other Half Lives" He went into poor communities and took pictures of them. 

Dumping Garbage in New York Harbor - Late 1800's

• Brought pigs into cities to eat trash 
• Also throw it into the ocean 

Fires 

• Cities had no organized firefighters 

Problem: Cramped, Old, Dirty Housing - Tenements 

Solutions: 

• Cities put restrictions on building wood-frame structures in the center of the city 
• Cities encourage the construction of lower-income dwellings on the city's outskirts 
• The Tenement House Act of 1867 defined a tenement for the first time and set construction regulations 
• Among these were the requirement of one toilet per 20 people 
• Tenement House law(1901) 
  • Outlawed the construction of new tenements on 25-foot lots and mandated improved sanitary conditions, fire escapes and access to light 
  • Current tenements were update and more than 200,000 new apartments were build over the next 15 years 
    • Most tenements were destroyed in the 1920's and especially the 1930's with FDR's New Deal 
    • the first fully government-build public housing project opened in New York City in 1938

Problem: Lack of good transportation 

Solutions: 

• Electric Streetcars - late 1800's, early 1900's 
• Automobiles 
  • There were 300 car in the Untied state in 1895, 78,000 in 1905, 459,000 in 1910, and 1.7 million in 1914 
• Subways - New York city(1904) 
• Airplanes - (1903 Wright Brothers) 

Early Cars/transportation: 

-1900 Bradley Gasoline Runabout 

-1903 Ford Model A 

-William Harley and Arthur Davidson(1914) Motorcycles 

-Bussing started in 1925 

- Us Airplane in WW1 (1918) 

Problem: Lack of safe drinking water 

Solutions: 

• IN late 1800's, scientists had proven that diseases were spread through unsafe drinking water
• In early 1900's, chlorine was added to the water to help eliminate disease 
• Federal regulation of drinking water quality began in 1914 which continued to strengthen over the decades 

Problems: Disease was common and streets were filthy 

Solutions: 

• Horses were replaced, eliminating the manure problem 
• Added chlorine to water 
• Introduction of indoor plumbing 
• George A Warring Jr. (New York City 1895) 
  • organized modern recycling, street sweeping and garbage collection 
  • Early 1900's Garbage Collection 

Wednesday(November 16th) 

Problem: Crime 

Solutions: 

• Organized Police Force 
  • Police became full time employees of the city - not volunteers 
  • In 1838 - Boston established the first American police force 
    • New York (1845) 
    • Chicago (1851) 
  • By the 1880s all major U.S. cities had municipal police forces in place 
  • 1911 - Fingerprints are first accepted by U.S. courts as a reliable means of identification 
    • Teddy Roosevelt was the NYPD chief in 1895

Problem: Fire 

Solutions: 

• Already mentioned better building codes 
• Full time, paid firefighters 
• In 1853, Cincinnati became the first full - time, paid fire fighters in the US

Problem: Poverty due to low pay at work 

Solutions: 

• Labor Unions 
  • Minimum wage laws 
  • Shorter hours 
  • Child labor laws 

Ch. 7.3 Key Questions 

What was the political machine and what did they do for a city? 

Political Machine 

• A political organization, usually controlled by a single "boss", that controlled votes and had administrative control of a city, county, or state 
• These organizations provided social services and jobs to people(recent immigrants) in exchange for votes
• Very Corrupt!!!
• Came about due to the rapid increase of population in cities and poor government in the 1800's 
• Died out in the early 1900's 
  • Machine Organizations 
    • Like a pyramid 
      • Local precinct workers and captains at the base 
      • ward bosses in the middle 
      • and the city  boss at the top 
        • City boss = power broker (most were democrats and many were immigrants themselves) 

What caused all the corruption in government? 

• There was a lot of corruption in gov"t
  • Kickback system 
    • Granting favors to big business
      • Spoils
        • System/patronage
          • Political boss
            • hired/fired police 

Boss William Marcy Tweed 

• Was the boss of the Democratic political machine in New York City 
• The building Tweed worked in was Tammany Hall 

Reforming Government 

• Penleton Civil Service act- 1883 
  • Required most government jobs to be given through a merit system based on test scores 
  • 1883 : 14,000/117,000 gov"t jobs required test 
  • 1900: 50% gov't jobs required tests 
• Causes fro corruption 
  • The Spoils System caused a lot of the problems 
  • Dishonest people 
  • Lack of accountability 

What laws came about to reform government? 

Were they a reform president or a status quo president? 

The Gilded Age (1870's - 1900) 

---Gilded (To be covered with gold) 

Thursday(November 17th) 

Good Presidents Also Brought Change: President Grant through President Wilson(1869 to 1912) 

Reform president or status quo president?

Reform Presidents: 

Rutherford B. Hayes (1877 - 1881) 

• 19th President 

James Garfield (1881) 

• 20th 
• Shot and killed 

Chester Arthur (1881 - 1885) 

• VP of Garfield 
• 21st 

Grover Cleveland (1885 - 1889, 1893 - 1897)

• Democrat 
• 22nd 
• 24th the second time

Benjamin Harrison (1889 - 1893) 

• 23rd 

Teddy Roosevelt(1901 - 1909)

Woodrow Wilson (1913 - 1921) 

Status Quo Presidents: 

Ulysses S. Grant (1869 - 1877) 

• 18th president
• One of the worse presidents 
• A lot of corruption/ Wouldn't get a lot done 

William McKinley (1897 - 1901) 

• 25th
• Killed 

William Howard Taft (1909 - 1913) 

Friday(November 18th) 

Ch 8. Key Question 

What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems? 

• Skyscrapers 
  • Flatiron building (1902) 
• Electric Streetcars 
• Subways (1904) 
• Cash register(1879) 
• Automatic Dishwasher(1889) 
• Vacuum cleaner(1899) 
• Airplane(1903) 
• Kodak Camera(1888) 
• Automobile (late 1800's) 
• Light Bulb(1876) 
• Typewriter(1867) 
• Radio(1895) 
• Toilet paper

how did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's? 

Expanding Public Education: 

• Before the mid 1800's, education was for the wealthy 
• Most states had public schools by 1865 
• But many school-aged children still received no formal education-worked in factories instead 
• Between 1865 - 1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school 
• Classes focused on the "3 R's" - reading, "righting", and "rithmetic"
• Memorization and recitation was very common 
  • Why did "the lecture" become a common strategy for teachers? (move away)
    • How is out school system set up liek a factory during the Industrial Revolution? 
      • On an assembly line and when the bell rings you go to the next
        • Schools were/are "one size fits all" and prepared students to work in factories upon finishing school (move away) 

What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after reconstruction ended?

• African American's & Immigrants EDU 
  • African Americans were mostly excluded from public schools or had to attend segregated schools 
  • in 1910, 3% of African Americans between the ages 15-19 attended H.S. 
  • Immigrants were encouraged to go to school
  • Most European immigrants families sent their children to the free public school 
  • Children learned English and became "Americanized" 
• Religion in School 
  • Public schools had mandatory readings from the Protestant Bible 
  • Many Catholic families were concerned 
  • Catholic communities set up parochial schools to give their children and Catholic Education 
    • Parochial School: a school supported by ca church parish 
• Higher Education 
  • College 
  • From 1880-1920, college enrollments quadrupled 
  • High school diploma and entrance exams were used to admittance purposes 
  • Merrill Act-1862 
    • Iowa State -1858 
  • Drake (1881) 
  • Iowa(1847) 
  • UNI(1876) 
• Segregation 
  • Literacy test(goal was element  Blacks to vote and poor white people) 
  • Poll tax(kept blacks from voting) 
  • Grandfather Clause(1-1-1867) 
    • If your Grandfather could vote before that date then you could vote

explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's?