Week of May 7-15

[4Anna]

Monday- 

Fidel Castro

• Communist leader of Cuba
• Bay of Pigs
  • plot to overthrow castro
  • US trained cubans to do this

Tuesday- 

Finish Ghandi Presentation

Kahoot

Joseph Stalin

• Dictator of the USSR
• Communist
• Stopped Germany from invading Russia in WWII

Wednesday- No School

 Thursday- 

The Enlightenment (Age of Reason)

• Intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, and the power of individuals to solve problems
• Late 1600's- early 1800's - peaked in mid 1700's
• Took off in France

Philosophs

• French for philosophers 
• Votaire, Montesquie
• drove the englightenment

Philosophes Main Beliefs

• Reason
• Nature
• Happiness
• Progress
• Liberty

Voltaire(Pen name)- Francois Arouet

• Most influential philosopher
• political essays, philosophy and dramas
• Fought for tolerance, reason, religious freedom and free speech
• Fought against intolerance, predjudice and superstition
• Many enemies, in prison twice

Two views of Government

• Old idea
  • Monarch's rule is justified by divine right
• New idea
  • Government's power comes form the consent of the governed

Thomas Hobbes (English)

• English Civil War convinced him that humans are not good, they are selfish and do bad things
• Wrote a book saying governments are important to keep order

Social Contract Theory

• People will make a social contract with the government
• people must give their rights to a ruler in exchange for law and order

John Locke(English)

• Believed people could govern themselves
• the government gets its power from the people
• All are born free and equal with God given Natual Rights of Life, Liberty, and Property
• Governent was created to protect those rights
• If the government fails to do this, it is the right of people to overthrow the government

Baron de Montesquieu- French

• Separation of powers 
  • keep individuals or groups of total control of government
• Checks and Balances
  • Each branch should have some power over the others

Jean Jacques Rousseau- Swiss

• Individual Freedom
• Direct Democracy
• People were equal

Cesare Beccaria- Italian

• laws are to preserve social order, not to avenge crimes
• against torture and capital punishment
• Right to a speedy trial
• punishment should fit the crime

 Women during the Enlightenment

• Mary Wollstonecraft- British
  • Women needed to be educated to be useful
  • urged women to enter medicine and politics

Friday- 

P.T Barnum

• Opened first circus
• "The Greatest Show on Earth"

Monday- 

The American Revolution

• 1700-1770 population of colonies increased from 250,000 to 2.1 million
• Each of the 13 colonies had its own government
• Colonists were used to solutary neglect
  • England left the colonists alone 
• 1754-1763 French and Indian war- British drove out French
  • left behind troops for protection for the colonists
  • Created huge debt for British government
  • Britain started enforcing taxes on the colonists

Causes of the Revolution

• Britain started enforcing taxes
• Quartering act
  • people were forced to take in British soldiers
• Taxes to raise $ to pay off Britain's debt
• "No taxation without representation"

2nd Continental Congress

• Representatives from all colonies meet and accomplish these 4 things
  • Congress voted to create the continental army out of the militia units around Boston
  • George Washington was appointed the commander of the Continental Army
  • July 8, 1775 Congress extended Olive Branch Petition
  • June 1776 the Declaration of Independence is written by Thomas Jefferson

England Strenghts

• #1 Navy and #2 Army in the world
• Wealthiest empire
  • Hired Hessians- #1 Army
• American Indians sided with the British

England Weaknesses

• France was on our side
• British government had no clear policy
• Citizens in England didn't wan another expensive war
• British soldiers lived under horrible conditions
• Distance was huge

Strengths for the Americans

• Great Leadership
• Defensive fight- easier to win than offensive
• Self-sustaining- could feed/ support both army and civilians
• Backcountry riflemen are among the best in the world
• A belief to fight for- the "Cause"

Weaknesses for the Americans

• Lack of unity
• Didn't have money
• Needed military supplies
• Weak military

1st attempt at Government

• Articles of Confederation
  • State governments kept most of the power
  • failed
    • National gov't didn't have power to tax
    • couldn't sign or enfoce treaties
    • couldn't regulate trade
    • couldnt regulate behavior

The Constitution

• Federal system
  • Both national and state governments retain some power
  • Influenced by thinkers of the Enlightenment
  • 3 branches 
    • Separation of powers
      • Legislative
      • Executive
      • Judicial
    • Checks and Balances
  • Bill of Rights 1st ten ammendments
    • Freedoms of speech, religion, due process

Tuesday

The French Revolution

• French citizens changed their government
  • got rid of abosulte monarchy and fuedal system

Social Classes

• Clergy at the top
  
  • hated englightenment ideas
  • owned 10% of land and paid about 2% of taxes
• Nobility in the middle
  
  • made up of rich nobles who held the highest offices in government
  • disagreed about Enlightenment ideas
  • Made up 2% of the population, owned 20% of land, paid almost no taxes
• Everyone else
  • Included middle class, urban lower class, and peasant farmers
  • had no power to influence government
  • Resented the wealthy first and second estates
  • 97% of the population
  • divided into three subgroups

Economic Troubles in France

• Taxes made it too hard for merchants and businesses to make profit
• inflation, crop failures, rise in cost of living, price of bread doubles
• King and Queen lived extravagantly and piled up massive debt

King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette

• Louis was a weak leader
• He was indecisive
• Marie was a member of the Austrian royal family and was hated by France
• She became known as Madam Deficit
  • spent money of jewels, gowns, etc. 

The Estates General

• An assembly of representatives from all three estates
• Clergy and nobles dominated the Estates- General
• Under the rules, each estate had one vote
• The two privileged estaes could always outvote the Third estate

Start of the Revolution

• The National Assembly
  • Third Estate delegates were influenced by the Enlightenment and wanted changes
    • Suggested all three estates meet together and each delegate would get a vote
    • King sided with nobles
    • Third Estate voted to become a National Assembly
      • First act of revolution as it went against the king
    • The first two estates lock the third out of the meeting
      • The third estate broke in
• Storming the Bastille
  • July 14th, 1789
  • Mobs stormed the prison after rumors emerged that Louis ws using military forces against the National Assembly
  • They killed prison commander and several guards
  • Became symbolic act of revolution

The Great Fear

• Peasants ere afraid that the nobles had hired outlaws to terrorize them
  • Peasants went into homes of nobles and destroyed legal papers that forced them to pay federal duties and burned homes down
• After price of bread rose, women violently rioted and went to ersialles Palace
• King and Queen forced to leave France
• Signaled the change of power and radical reforms in France

 

Revolution brings reform and terror

Assembly Reforms France

• The Rights of Man
  • All men are born and remain free and equal in rights
  • Drafted by the National Assembly
• State Controlled Church
  
  • Focused on reforming the church
  • Church lands were confiscated