Week of May 2-6

Monday:

Cold War PowerPoint and discussion

Tuesday:

Cold War PowerPoint and discussion

Wednesday:

Cold War PowerPoint, and presidential election talk.
Quiz tomorrow
- slides 1-74 (not slide 2, 12-16, 19&20)

Thursday:

Friday:

Causes of the Cold War

Different political systems
- US is based on democracy, capitalism and freedom
- USSR is based on dictatorship, communism and control
The Red Scare- 1919
Both thought their system was better and distrusted the others intentions
Stalin despised capitalism
Distrust during WWII
Stalin breaking his promise to allow free elections at the Yalta conference
American fear of a communist attack (Red Scare) and USSR's fear of US attack
USSR's fear of the atomic bomb
USSR's actions in their German zone
USSR's goal to spread communism around the world
Yalta Conference-- February 1945
- Before the end of the WWII, Stalin, Churchill, and Roosevelt met at Yalta to plan what should happen when the war ended. They agreed on many points:
  - The establishment of the United Nations
  - Germany to be divided into four zones
  - Free elections allowed in the sates of eastern Europe
  - Russia promised to join the war against Japan
- The "West"
  - Democratic world
  - Super Power= United States
- The "East"
  - Communist world
  - Super Power= Soviet Union
- Alliances
  - NATO vs Warsaw Pact
    - US and Canada and Western European Countries included vs Poland, East Germany, Hungary, etc
Post WWII Cold War Goals for US
- Wanted to promote open markets for US goods to prevent another depression
- Promote democracy throughout the world, especially in Asia and Africa
- Stop the spread of communism
  - Policy of Containment
Post WWII Cold War Goals for USSR
- Wanted to create greater security for itself
  - Lost tens of millions of people in WWII and Stalin's purges
  - Feared a strong Germany
- Established defensible borders
- Encourage friendly governments on its borders
- Spread communism around the world
Winston Churchill "Iron Curtain" Speech 1946
- Missouri
- an iron curtain split Europe
  - you had the West and the East
Domino Effect - Eisenhower-1954
- one country became communist and a bunch of others followed
- Soviet Union was mastermind behind it
- led to Containment factors
Policy of Containment-1946
- year after WWII ends, we know Soviet Union has a problem and we need to stop it
Truman Doctrine
- In 1947, the British were helping the Greek government fight against communist guerrillas
- They appealed to America for aid and awe responded with the Truman Doctrine
- Greece received large amounts of arms and supplies, and by 1949 had defeated the communists
Marshall Plan
- In 1947, US Secretary of State Marshall announced the Marshall Plan
- This was a massive economic aid plan for Europe to help it recover from the damage caused by the war
- There were two motive for this:
  - Helping Europe to recover economically would provide markets for American goods, benefiting American industry
  - A prosperous Europe would be better able to resist the spread of communism
Brinkmanship - 1950's-1960's
- Massive Retaliation
- Mutual Deterrence
- Mutual Assured Destruction
NATO
- in 1949 the Western nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to coordinate their defense against Russia
- NATO was a defensive alliance
- This was the first peacetime alliance in US History
- America, Canada, Britain, France, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, and Italy
Warsaw Pact 1955-1991
CIA vs KGB
- Central Intelligence Agency-1947-Present
- Komitet Gosudarstvennnoy Bezopasnosti
  - Committee for State Secretary
  - 1954-1991
Stalin Dies 1953
- Nikita Khrushchev - came to power (1953-1964)
- Peaceful Co-existence after 1953
- De-Stalinization - after 1953
- Detente- 1970's
Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in USSR - 1985
- ultimately brought an end to the Soviet Union
Perestroika and Glasnost - 1985
- Perestroika- Restructuring of the Soviet economy and political system
  - more democracy
  - free elections
- Glasnost-More openness of the Soviet government and for it's people
  - free speech and press
USSR's First Atomic Test 1949
Nuclear Powers of the World
- -Russia -1949
- -United States -1945
- -China -1964
- North Korea
- Great Britain
- -United Kingdom -1952
- -France -1960
- India
- Pakistan
- Israel ?
- Iran ? developing
Nuclear Power Treaties/Organizations
- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty-1963
- Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty- 1968
  - "Prevent the spread of nuclear weapons and weapons technology"
  - "Promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy"
  - "Further the goal of achieving nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament"
- SALT I Treaty- 1972
  - Richard Nixon
    - President of US
  - Nikita Khrushchev
  - Leonid Brezhnev
    - General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU
  - SALT II was signed but never ratified by Congress
    - Due to Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
  - Froze the number of strategic ballistic missile launchers at existing levels
  - Limited new submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM)
- Anti-Ballistic Missile - 1972-US/USSR
  - Limited weapons that would seek out and destroy nuclear weapons once launched
  - In the 1980's, President Ronald Reagan announces the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
  - US withdraws in 2001 under George W. Bush
    - Withdrew due to missile defense system
- The Ballistic Missile Defense System
  - Missile Defense Agency
    - Program is designed to counter many nuclear missile attack on the US or allies
- Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1996
  - signed by President Bill Clinton
  - Not ratified by the Senate
  - "A ban on testing would damage the safety and reliability of America's existing nuclear arsenal, and it would be impossible to guarantee the cooperation among all countries
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) - 1957
  - Weapon inspectors that investigate and supervise to make sure countries are following the rules after signing
- INF Treaty - 1987
  - Eliminated nuclear and conventional ground-launched ballistic and cruise missiles with intermediate ranges (300-3,004 miles)
  - USSR/US
- The START Treaties
  - Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
    - START I (1991)
    - Largest and most complex arms control treaty in history
    - Resulted in the removal of about 80% of all strategic nuclear weapons in existence
    - The START I Treaty expired in 2009
- SORT - 2003
  - Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty
    - Between US and Russia
    - Stockpile of both deployed and reserve nuclear weapons was to be cut in half by 2012
    - The goal was achieved in 2007 for US
    - Lasted from 2003-2011 when New Start took its place
- New START- 2011
  - Signed by President Obama and former Russian President Medvedev
  - The number of strategic nuclear missile launchers will be reduced by half
  - A new inspection and verification system will be established
  - Lasts until 2021
- United Nation 1945- Present
  - World Wide peace keeping organization that most countries are part of
  - Replaced the League of Nations
  - Has military force that can wage war
- The First Berlin Crisis (June 1948- May 1949)
  - In 1948, the three western controlled zones of Germany's (US, France, UK) were united, and grew in prosperity due to the Marshall Plan
  - The West wanted the East to rejoin, but Stalin feared it would hurt Soviet security
  - In June 1948, Stalin decided to try and gain control of West Berlin which was deep inside the eastern sector
  - Stalin cut road, rail and canal links with West Berlin, hoping to starve it into submission
The Second Red Scare - 1947-57
- Causes:
  - Julius and Ethel Rosenberg Trial
    - found guilty of spying for the Soviets
      - executed in 1953
  - The Iron Curtain surrounding Eastern Europe - 1945
  - The USSR detonating their atomic bomb - 1949
  - China becoming communist - 1949
  - The Korean War starting in 1950 - Domino Effect
  - Stalin's actions in Germany-Berlin Blockade
Chiang Kai Shek (leader) vs Mao Zedong (Communist leader)
- China was invaded by Japan in 1930
  - two worked together
  - Mao Zedong won even though Shek started out doing better
Alien Registration Act of 1940 (Smith Act)
- Made it illegal to advocate the overthrow of the US government
- Required all non-citizen adult residents to register with the government
- Approximately 215 people were indicted under the legislation, including alleged communists Anarchists, and fascists
- Prosecutions under the Smith Act continued until the Supreme Court decision declared law unconstitutional in 1957
Senator Joe McCarthy
- Joseph McCarthy (1908-1957) was a Republican Senator from Wisconsin
- In 1950, he gave a speech where he claimed to have a list of 205 Communists in the State Department
- No one in the press actually saw the names on the list, but McCarthy's announcement made national news and caused panic through the country
- McCarthy's Downfall
  - McCarthy's downfall finally began in October 1953, when he started to investigate "communist infiltration into the military"
  - This was the final straw for President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who realized that McCarthy's movement needed to be stopped
  - In late 1954, the Senate voted to censure hum for his conduct and to strip him of his privileges
  - McCarthy died three years later from alcoholism
- McCarthyism
  - The practice of making accusations of subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence
House Un-American Activities Committee - HUAC - 1945-1975
- This organization went after directors and actors in Hollywood
- The committee believed that films were spreading communist propaganda
- They set up hearings to investigate the movie industry
- Hollywood Ten
  - Each man was found guilty and sentenced to spend a year in prison and pay a $1,000 fine
  - Blacklisted Directors/ Actors/Actresses
    - Charlie Chaplin
      - one of first early actors, that made the industry boom
      - in 1952 - he left the US for a job opportunity, he heard he was being watched and he never came back until receiving an award
        12 min standing ovation
1952- US Test Hydrogen Bomb
USSR Launches Sputnik - 1957
- satellite
- Yuri Gagarin - 1961
  - caused US to panic
  - JFK's Moonshot Speech
Francis Gary Powers Shot Down in USSR - 1960
Eisenhower Embarrassment
- Khrushchev:
  - "I must tell you a secret. When I made my first report I deliberately did not say that the pilot was alive and well... and now just look how many silly things [the Americans]" have said.
Berlin Wall - 1961
- Why was the Wall Built?
  - there had been a fence before the wall
  - Brandenberg Gate
Fidel Castro Overthrows Batista
- Bay of Pigs
Cuban Missile Crisis - October, 1962
- Range of Soviet Missiles Launched from Cuba
- The Compromise:
  - The Soviets would remove their missiles from Cuba
  - The US would promise never to invade Cuba
  - The US would secretly remove our nuclear missiles from Turkey within 6 months
Leonid Brezhnev - 1964-1982
Detente - 1970's
- relaxations of tensions
  - Nixon visits China
  - Nixon visits Moscow
Soviets Invade Afghanistan - 1979
Ronald Reagan Becomes President - 1981
- ran on a very strong anti-communist platform
- Soviets had just invaded Afghanistan
Yuri Andropov - USSR Leader - 1982
Konstantin Chernenko Takes Over - 1985
Mikhail Gorbachev Comes to Power in USSR - 1985
Perestroika and Glasnost - 1985
- Perestroika - Restructuring of the Soviet economy and political system
  - more democracy
  - free elections
Berlin Wall Comes Down
- November 9, 1989
Boris Yeltsin - President of Russia 1991-1999
US Won the Cold War
- different type of victory
- We had close ties with out Allies and the USSR didn't
- China started siding with us after 1972
- The Soviet economy was in shambles whereas the US's was flourishing
  - huge deficit
  - high inflation
  - corruption
  - social problems
  - shortage of basic needs (food, housing)
- The strong anti-communist presidency of Reagan
- Gorbachev's willingness for change and reform
  - glasnost and perestroika
  - admitted Soviet mistakes
  - took blame for the Cold War
  - communist system had failed
  - allowed Eastern Europe to do what they wanted
- Arms Reduction Talks
  - SALT, INF, Reagan-Gorbachev meetings
- Soviet Mistakes
  - invasion of Afghanistan
  - ignoring social concerns
  - spent everything on military
Post- Cold War
- In the 1990's, the world seemed to be a much more peaceful place
- We didn't have any major threat to worry about
- President Clinton closed down numerous military bases around the country reducing the size of the US military
- 9-11 caught the US off guard
Putin New Leader in Russia - 1999- 2008 and 2012-?
Cease - Fire signed - Minsk 2

Semester Test

Semester Test Topics

Blogs

Week of May 2-6

Comments