Monday- No school
Tuesday- Discussed forum posts. Started discussing the Axis powers.
Italy-
Italy after WWI
- Italy was displeased with the Treaty of Versailles
- Wanted to get more land than they got
- Italy joined the League of Nations and was a member from 1919 until they withdrew in 1937
- They signed the 5 power pact and 9 power pact
King Victor Emmanuel-
- Asked Mussolini to take over power in Italy to keep the communists out of Italy
- Did not fight Mussolini's take over in Italy
- Wanted to avoid a civil war and also wanted to keep communists out of Italy
March on Rome-
- A march by Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party (took over the government)
- Mussolini and the Fascists won and took over Italy
Established Fascism in Italy-
- A government led by a strong dictator
- Stresses strong nationalism, militarism, and imperialism
- Uses intimidation to get what they want
- "All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state." - Benito Mussolini
Ethiopia invaded by Mussolini-
- Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in Africa at the 1896 Battle of Adua
- One of the worse colonial disasters of modern history
- Feb. 23, 1935, Italy sends large forces into Ethipoia
- Nov. 18, 1935, League of Nations sanctions begin
- arms, embargo, financial embargo, non-importation of Italian goods
- Feb. 29, 1936, FDR signed the 1936 Neutrality Act
- Mandatory arms embargo with warring nations
- Mandatory ban on loans to warring nations
- May 5- Italy occupied Addis Ababa- annexed all Ethipoia on May 9
Geralissimo Franciso Franco and the Spanish Civil War- 1936
- Hitler and Mussolini send troops and weapons to help Franco win the civil war against the communists
- This war served as an important training ground for Hitler's and Mussolini's troops
Axis powers are formed
- Rome- Berlin Axis- 1936. Italy and Germany come together
- Tripartite Pact is signed forming the Axis powers- 1940. Germany, Italy and Japan
Tuesday-
Italy's Goals in WWII
- Make a new Roman Empire
- Make the Mediterranean an "Italian Lake"
- Take over northern African colonies of Britain and France- especially Egypt
- Take over southeaster Europe- Greece and Albania
- Take over part of the Middle East
Why did Italy Lose?
- Italy was not prepared militarily to fight a prolonged war
- Germany had to constantly bail Italy out
- Italian troops were spread to thin- Africa, Mediterranean, Albania, Greece, Soviet Union, France, Battle of Britain
- The people of Italy were not prepared to fight or motivated to fight. They were forced to fight
- Overall, Italy was just a weak country
Impact WWII Had on Italy
- 410,000 dead--330,000 Military deaths
- Spent $94 Billion
- Italy had joined the Allies by 1943 so the big concern for the US was making sure Italy became a democracy after the war and not fall to communism
- US gave millions of dollars to Italy(Marshall Plan) to help rebuild after the war
- Became a member of NATO in 1949
- Became a member of the United Nations in 1955
Japan-
Events Between WWI and WWII
Earthquake-(Great Kanto)
- September 1, 1923
- Killed 140,000 people
- Magnitude of 7.9
End of Alliance with Great Britain
- Anglo- Japanese Treat of Alliance
- Lasted 21 years
Extreme Nationalism
- Economics traditions, and values
1936-
- Signed alliance with Nazi Germany
1937-
- War with China and overtook major cities
1931-1932-
- Japan takes over the Province of Manchuria
- Wanted to extend empire
- Only took a couple days
- Japan walked out of the League of Nations
- 40 countries voted against them
- Japan states "China was not really a country" (China had just had a revolution, and its government was fighting a civil war)
Major Leaders-
- Isoroku Yamamoto
- Family of 7 children
- Name means 56
- Adopted by the Yamamoto family
- Imperial Family
- Schooling
- Graduated from the Imperial Naval 1904
- Attend Harvard from 1919-1921
- Military Experience
- The ration Imperial Japanese Navy
- Naval Marshal General
- Mastermind behind Pearl Harbor
- Admiral Chuichi Najumo
- Born on March 25, 1987
- No prior Naval experience
- Earned- Commander of the Japanese carrier
- Extraneous years of military service and dedication
- Considered a man of action
- Very passionate man
- Generous and loving
- Earned- Commander of the Japanese carrier
- Died on July 6, 1944
- Emperor Hitohito
- Born April 29, 1901 in the Aoyama Palace in Tokyo
- Died January 7, 1989
- Became prince at age 15 on November 2, 1916
- Lost power after his death
- He was the longest reigning emperor from 1926-1989
Battle Strategies-
- Plan to win
- Take over a bunch of areas surrounding Japan
- Take out America's navy
- Secure China and their home islands
- They wanted the land because of the resources
- They knew they couldn't mass produce like America could so their plan was to make the best and biggest planes and ships of the war so they wouldn't have to produce
Battles-
- Battle of Coral Sea
- Saves Australia and Port Moresby from Japanese control.
- Battle of Midway
- The Japanese suffer heavy losses. We destroyed their aircraft carriers and they were never able to replace them again in the war
- Battle of Guadalcanal
- Major point for further attacks for both sides
- Battle of Philippine Sea
- The Japanese navy is decimated. We lost 68 planes they lost over 400
- Battle of Iwo Jima
- Strategic island to bomb Japan from Iwo Jima
- Battle of Okinawa
- Strategic island to launch an invasion of Japan from Okinawa
Basic Facts
- Military Deaths- 2.1-2.5 million
- Total deaths- 2.5-3.2 million
- Japan lost 24% of all casualties for the Axis powers
- Total cost of the war was $56 million
War Goals
- Japan's main goal of WWII was to gain resources
- Japan was desperately in need of raw materials, space and respect
- The island of Japan could no longer support the country's population
- The Japanese no longer wanted help from the outside, so they invaded Chain
- This new land and resources the China provided allowed Japan to stay in war
Thursday- Continued discussion on Japan
Hideki Tojo
- Tojo was the military leader of Japan in WWII
- Died December 23, 1948. He was executed
- Attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy
- Achieved power fro his great military success
- Lost power because his tactics caused lots of casualties and Emperor Hirojito lost hope in him
- Resigned in 1944. Tried as a war criminal and found guilty and hanged
Why They Lost the War
- We stopped trading with them
- Needed supplies and other things like fuel/oil
- Failed attempt to destroy carriers at attack of Pearl Harbor
- Nearly all ships were brought back into battle
- Breaking of the Japanese Naval Code
- Destroyed them in the Battle of Midway and other battles because of this
- Mass production by the US
- Produced at a higher rate faster than they could destroy
- Bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima
Impact WWII Had on Japan
- All large cities were severely damaged
- Japan lost almost all land acquired before and during WWII
- War crime trials were held
- Emperor lost political and military power
- Forbidden to lead a war again and to maintain an army
Facts about Atomic Bombs
- 80,000 people died instantly in Hiroshima when "Little Boy" was detonated
- 192,000 people total died
- "Fat Man" was released 3 days later over Nagasaki
- Killed more than 70,000 people
- $2 billion was the cost of the Manhattan Project
- A lot of people died from radiation sickness and starvation
Propaganda During WWII
- Tokyo Rose's Role During WWII
- America put the Tokyo Rose for treason
- America knew that Iva was not the Tokyo Rose but still put her on trial
- Tokyo Rose was, in fact, merely a creature "of rumor and legend"
- Iva broadcasting activities in Japan during the war was not harmful or offensive
- Homefront
- Japan's government controlled the media, only let the media publish Japan's victories during WWII, the public did not know about Japan's losing battles until injured soldiers were coming home and started to tell people
- Japan was an industrialized country but had very poor resources
- the reason Japan invaded China is because China offered both valuable raw materials as well as a vast market for Japan's industrial outputs
Areas Controlled by Japan during WWII
- Several regions in China- 1938-1945
- French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos)- July 15, 1940- August 29, 1945
- Hong Kong
- Thailand
- British New Guinea
- Philippines
- Guam
- Dutch East Indies
- Portuguese Timor
- Malaya
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Straits Settlements
- Kingdom of Sarawak
- Brunei
- North Borneo
- Nauru
- Imphal
- Wake Island
- Gilbert and Ellice Islands
- Christmas Island
- Attu and Kiska Islands
Areas Attacked but Not Conquered
- Air raids on Australia
- Broome
- Darwin
- Newcastle
- Sydney
- British Columbia
- Kohima and Manipur
- Colombo and Trincomalee
- Dorno
- US
- Santa Barbara
- Pearl Harbor
- Midway Atoll
- Fort Stevens
Japan in the 1920's
- Joined the League of Nations
- Signed the 4, 5, and 9 Power Pacts
- Singed the Kellogg- Briand Pact
Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
- The League of Nations condemned the action but could not enforce its authority as it had no military force
- The message sent to aggressive countries was that a major powers could get away with using force because great Britain and France did not want war
- Japan dropped out of the League of Nations shortly after invasion
Rape of Nanking- Late 1937 Early 1938
- A mass killing of Chinese people (up to 300,000)
- Mass raping of Chinese women and girls
- Mass looting and arson
- Some in Japan have denied that the military killed civilians for no reason
- Still causes tension between the two countries today
- There were war crimes trial after the war to try Japanese soldiers for participation
Soviet- Japanese Neutrality Pact
- The USSR and Japan signed an agreement to not fight one another in April, 1941
- Japan considered breaking this once Germany invaded the USSR in June, 1941, but did not
- The USSR broke this treaty when they declared war on Japan on August 9, 1945
Friday-
Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor?
- After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan
- Japan signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact in April, 1941 guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war
- Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful in war
- Only way to force US' hand was to hit them hard in a surprise attack forcing them out of the war
- Japan knew that this plan was a huge risk, but thought it was only way to defeat US
- Plan backfired. Instead, Japan "awoke a sleeping giant"
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