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Week of March 13-17

Posted by 5Kara on March 13, 2017 at 12:18pm

Monday- 

Chapter 17 Project Presentation:

Great Art of the Renaissance (continued)

  • Michelangelo
    • Born: March 6, 1475 is Caprese Michelangelo, Italy
    • Died: February 18, 1564 in Rome, Italy
    • Full name: Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonaroti Simoni
    • Known for: painting, sculpting, and architecture
    • Paintings:
      • Sistine Chapel
        • Painted on the ceiling
        • Located in the Vatican City 
        • The Last Judgement 
      • The Conversion of Saul
        • Location: Cappella Paolina 
    • Sculptures
      • Statue of David
        • Location: Galleria dell' Academia
        • Made of marble 
      • Pieta
        • Virgin Mary carrying dead Jesus
        • Location: St. Peter's Basilica 
    • Architecture
      • St. Peter's Basilica
        • Location: Vatican City 
      • Medici Chapel
        • Purpose: celebrating the Medici family, patrons of the church, and Grand Dukes of Tuscany
        • Location: Province of Florence 
  • Donatello
    • Born: 1386 in Florence, Italy
    • Died: December 13, 1466 in Florence, Italy
    • Full name: Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi
    • Known for: sculptures 
    • Sculptures
      • Equestrian Statue of Gattamelata
        • Location: Piazza del Santo in Padua, Italy
      • Saint Mark
        • Location: Orsanmichele Church in Florence

The Legacy of the Renaissance

  • Legacy
    • The Renaissance was the rebirth after the Dark Ages
    • Learning became huge again
    • Arts and sciences became important
  • Why Was there a Renaissance?
    • The Middle Ages were a time of fear leading to the Renaissance
    • They started believing in other things than Catholicism
    • Started believing in their own ideas, especially in science and arts 
    • People were no longer considered heretics for going against the church
    • Church lost power because of the new ideas that people believed in
    • There was a lot of independent thinking
    • Arts and science made huge advancements 
  • Where did the Renaissance Begin?
    • Florence, Italy in the late 1300s 
  • What does "Renaissance" Mean?
    • It is derived from the French word meaning "rebirth" 
  • Exploration Throughout the Renaissance
    • The Coast of Africa was explored by Henry the Navigator
    • America was explored/"discovered" by Christopher Columbus 
  • Art
    • Art was focused on detail
    • The focus on detail of the body helped in advances in medicine 
  • Literature
    • The Renaissance brought a big change in literature
    • The literature was more involved with human characteristics and behaviors
    • With the invention of the printing press, literature became more popular
  • Education
    • Became huge again
    • People started learning new ideas 
  • Philosophy
    • People focused less on spirituality like the church had always taught
    • Focused more on the physical parts of the human body, known as humanism
    • The Catholic Church lost the power it had over what people thought about themselves and the universe 
  • Science
    • Many new inventions such as the telescope, clocks, and glasses
    • Major advances in astronomy and anatomy, engineering techniques improved greatly 
  • Results
    • Education
    • New ideas and inventions
    • Less power to the church 

Tuesday- absent 

(Tara's Notes)

Chapter 17 Project Presentation:

Protestant Reformation- Martin Luther

  • 16th century 
  • Schism from the Roman Catholic Church 
  • Initiated by Martin Luther

Reformation Leaders 

  • Martin Luther 
  • John Calvin 
  • Huldrych Zwingli 
  • 26 more leaders 

  • Significant earlier attempts by Jan Hos, Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe tried before Luther but failed 
  • Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the reformation with his 95 thesis 

Martin Luther

  • German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk 
  • Initiated the Protestant Reformation 
  • Born in Germany 
  • His followers soon split from the Roman Catholic Church to begin the Protestant tradition 
  • When he was 19 entered University of Erfurt 
  • Woke up 4 AM every morning to learn
  • Received Master of Arts degree (Grammar, logic, rhetoric, metaphysics) 
  • Enrolled in law school but dropped because it wasn't his cup of tea 
  • Had life changing experience set him on a new course 
  • Caught in horrific thunderstorm where he feared his life 
  • He cried out to St. Anne promising he'd become a monk if he lived
  • Storm went away he was saved

95 Thesis 

  • Nailed  sheet of paper with 95 theses on university's chapel door 
  • 95 theses laid out devastating critique of indulgences of people's faith
  • List of propositions for academic disputation written by Martin Luther (Professor of moral theology at University of Wittenberg, Germany) 
  • Luther claimed repentance required by Christ in order for sins to be forgiven invovles inner spiritual repentance 
  • He argued that indulgences lead Christians to avoid true repentance and sorrow for sin 

Wednesday-

Chapter 17 Notes (continued)

  • Italy, Birthplace of the Renaissance 
    • People in the later Middle Ages started questioning the norms of the day:
      • Why didn't our leaders or the Church stop wars from happening or the plague from killing so many people?
      • Why did the church tell people to endure suffering on Earth and await the rewards of heaven?
    • Writers and artists also started expressing new ideas and styles that pushed back against the status quo 
  • Italy's Advantages
    • Why did the Renaissance start in Italy?
      • Italy had thriving cities
        • Florence, Milan, Rome
      • Italy had a wealthy merchant class
        • Had the idea that power should come from hard work not inheritance 
        • The Medici family became the most powerful bank in Italy and Europe 
      • Italy had the heritage of Ancient Greece and Rome
  • Humanism
    • A theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment/enjoyment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of the belief in God
    • Part of the "Renaissance Man" way of life and thinking
    • Roman Catholicism v. Secularism (non-religious) 
  • Renaissance Man
    • Characteristics:
      • Charming, witty, and well educated in the classics
      • Talented in dancing, singing, playing music, and writing poetry
      • Skilled horseback rider, wrestler, and swordsman 
  • Renaissance Woman
    • Characteristics:
      • Upper-class
      • Knows the classics
      • Charming
      • Not seeking fame
      • Inspiration for art, but they themselves were not the artists 
      • Well educated 
      • Stayed out of politics 
  • Renaissance Art
    • The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature
    • Where Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation, Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity 
  • Renaissance Artists 
    • Renaissance artists embraced some of the ideals of Greece and Rome in their art
    • They wanted their subjects to be realistic and focused on humanity and emotion 
  • Michelangelo
    • Born in 1475 in a small town near Florence
    • Is considered to be one of the most inspired men who ever lived
    • David
      • Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504
    • Sistine Chapel
      • About a year after creating David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to Rome to work on his most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
    • Other Famous Works: 
      • Creation of Eve
      • Creation of Adam
      • Separation of Light and Darkness
      • The Last Judgement
      • Moses
  • Leonardo da Vinci
    • 1452-1519
    • Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer
    • Famous Works: 
      • Mona Lisa
      • The Last Supper
      • The Notebooks 

Thursday- 

Chapter 17 Notes (continued)

  • Raphael 
    • Painter
    • 1483-1520
    • Famous Work:
      • The School of Athens
  • Niccolo Machiavelli
    • Wrote "The Prince"
      • Better for a ruler to be feared than to be loved 
      • Ruler should be quick and decisive in decision making 
      • Ruler keeps power by any means necessary 
      • The end justifies the means
      • Be good when possible, and evil when necessary 
    • Machiavelli made guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule
    • He felt that a ruler should be willing to do anything to maintain control
  • The Renaissance Spreads
    • By the late 1400s, Renaissance ideas had spread to Northern Europe, especially England, France, Germany, and Flanders (now part of France and the Netherlands)
    • All of benefits of the Renaissance soon spread there 
  • The Elizabethan Age
    • The Renaissance spread to England in the mid-1500s and was known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I
    • Elizabeth reigned from 1558 to 1603
    • She was well educated and spoke French, Italian, Latin, and Greek and also wrote poetry and music
    • As queen, she did much to support the development of English art and literature 
  • William Shakespeare
    • One of the greatest and well known playwrights of all time
    • Famous tragedies- Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Romeo and Juliet, and King Lear
    • Famous comedies- A Midsummer Night's Dream and The Taming of the Shrew 
  • Gutenberg's Printing Press
    • While China invented printing, it was Johann Gutenberg that improved on it making it much quicker to print book
    • In 1455, Gutenberg printed the King James Bible and soon many other books
    • This allowed people to be both educated and entertained 

Friday- 

Chapter 17 Notes (continued) 

  • The Legacy of the Renaissance
    • Art drew on styles of classical Greece and Rome 
    • Painting and sculptures portrayed individuals and nature in more realistic ways 
    • Artists created works that were secular as well as those were religious 
    • Writers began to use vernacular languages to express their ideas 
    • The arts praised individual achievement 
    • Printing changed society by making more information available
    • A greater availability of books increased desire for learning and a rise in literacy throughout Europe
    • Published accounts of new discoveries, maps, and charts led to further discoveries in a variety of fields
    • Published legal proceedings made the law clear so that people were more likely to understand their rights 
    • Humanist attempts to reform society changed views about how life should be lived
    • People began to question political structures and religious practices 
  • Causes of the Reformation
    • Social
      • The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church
      • The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church
    • Political
      • Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe
      • Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority
    • Economic
      • European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth
      • Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church
    • Religious
      • Some Church leaders had become worldly corrupt 
      • Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable
  • Martin Luther
    • 1483-1546
    • Became a monk after surviving a violent thunderstorm
    • Became a teacher at Wittenberg University in Germany 
    • In 1517, became upset with the Catholic Church's corrupt practice of selling "indulgences" to absolve sin
      • Church was selling indulgences to help pay for St. Peter's Cathedral in Rome 
    • Luther wrote the 95 Theses which focused on three central beliefs:
      • 1. The Bible is the central religious authority
      • 2. Humans may reach salvation only by their faith and not by their deeds 
      • 3. All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them
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