Week of March 10-14

[1Kara]

Monday: notes

How did the US/Allies fight back against U-boat warfare?

1. Hunter-Killers Groups
   1. Escort Aircraft Carriers
   2. Corvettes
   3. Destroyers
   4. Destroyer Escorts 
   5. Frigates
   6. United States Coast Guard Cutters
      1. Depth Charges
      2. Hedgehogs

Allied Intelligence

1. Churchill and Roosevelt knew the importance of intelligence in safeguarding Allied commerce to defeat the Axis powers
2. The Allies shared information from RADAR and High Frequency Radio Direction Finding (HF/DF)
3. RADAR provided a means of detecting vessels and aircraft above the surface
4. HF/DF was used to locate the sources of enemy radio transmissions such as submarines
5. Allied intelligence leaders began sharing code-breaking secrets, known as "very special intelligence" and classified under cover-names like "ULTRA" and "MAGIC"

Enigma

1. System in which Germany transferred their information through codes
2. Solving the Enigma system remains one of the great Allied triumphs of WWII
3. During periods when Allied crypt-analysts were unable to solve Enigma, U-boats caused great damage to Anglo-American commerce

D-Day (Operation Overlord) (June 6, 1944)

1. D-Day Facts
   1. The D in D-Day stands for "day" since the final invasion date was unknown and weather dependent
   2. 156,000 Allied troops from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Free France and Norway
   3. The Allied code names for the beaches along the 50-mile stretch of Normandy coast targeted for landing were Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno and Sword
   4. Omaha was the costliest beach in terms of Allied casualties 
   5. 5,000 ships and landing crafts
   6. 50,000 vehicles
   7. 11,000 planes
   8. Major Generals
      1. United States
         1. Dwight D. Eisenhower
         2. Omar Bradley
      2. The United Kingdom
         1. Bernard Law Montgomery
      3. Germany
         1. Erwin Rommel
   9. Casualties
      1. US-6,603 (1,465 killed)
      2. United Kingdom-2,700
      3. Canada-1,074 (359 fatal)
      4. German-estimated between 4,000-9,000
   10. By June 11, with the beachheads firmly secured
   11. More than 326,000 troops had crossed with more than 100,000 tons of military equipment
   12. Paris was liberated on Aug. 25
   13. Germany surrendered on May 9, 1945 but not before..
       1. Battle of the Bulge
       2. Yalta Conference
       3. FDR dies and Harry Truman is swore in (April 12, 1945)
       4. V-E Day (May 8, 1945)

Battle of the Bulge

1. The coldest, snowiest weather "in memory" in the Ardennes Forest on the German/Belgium border
2. Over a million men, 500,000 Germans, 600,000 Americans and 55,000 British
3. 100,000 German casualties, killed, wounded or captured
4. 81,000 American casualties, including 23,554 captured and 19,000 killed
5. 1,400 British casualties-200 killed
6. 800 tanks lost on each side, 1,000 German air crafts
7. The Malmedy Massacre, where 86 American soldiers were murdered, was the worst atrocity committed against American troops during the course of the war in Europe
8. The Battle of the Bulge was the worse battle-in terms of losses- to the American Forces in WWII

Yalta Conference (February, 1945)

1. Before the end of the WWII, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt met at Yalta, USSR to plan what should happen when the war ended
2. They agreed on the following
   1. The establishment of the United Nations
   2. Germany to be divided into four zones
   3. Free elections allowed in the states of eastern Europe
   4. USSR promised to join the war against Japan

Women in WWII

1. Rosie the Riveter
   1. Represented women workers in WWII

Tuesday: notes

- Watched D-Day invasion in "Saving Private Ryan"

Iva Toguri

1. Forced to broadcast propaganda to the Allied troops for Japan
2. Convicted of treason

Native Americans- Navajo Code Talkers

1. US code talkers
2. No one was able to translate the code

African Americans in WWII

1. Tuskegee Institute/Airmen 

Wednesday: notes

OPA and Rationing

1. The Office of Price Administration was established in 1941 to administer price controls
2. Food rationing included restrictions on sugar and meat; clothing rationing restricted silk and nylon
3. Gasoline rationing began in May 1942 limiting use to 5 gallons per week
4. Gas rationing was about saving rubber, not fas
5. By the end of 1942, half of the nation's automobiles were issued an A sticker, allowing 3 gallons per week
   1. A sticker was the most common of the WWII stickers
   2. Issued to general public
6. The B sticker was issued to primarily to business owners
   1. 8 gallons per week
7. The C sticker was issued to people with vital occupations (Ex: doctor, official government)
8. M sticker issued to motorcycles 
9. Truckers had a T sticker for unlimited amounts
10. The X sticker was issued in special instances for high mileage type jobs such as traveling salesmen 
11. A black market developed in stolen or counterfeit stickers that were used in 5-30% of gasoline sales
12. By 1945, there were 32,500 motorists arrested for using such false stickers, 1300 convictions, 4000 gas stations closed

War Production Board

1. Encouraged mass production of goods

War Finance Committee and War Bonds

1. Over the course of the war 85 million Americans purchased bonds totaling approximately $185 billion
2. Helped pay for the war
3. It was an investment for US citizens
4. As low as $18.75 per bond
5. Ten years later government paid out $25

Japanese Internment Camps

1. In California, Idaho, Arizona, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming and Arkansas
2. Were forced to sell everything they had and leave their homes
3. Occurred in desert areas 
4. Adults worked and kids went to school

Thursday: no school

Friday: no school