Monday - No school
Tuesday- Crusades Presentations
The Fourth Crusade
- Pope Innocent III initiated the Crusade in 1202
- 1203 Crusaders attack Constantinople
- Major Battles
- Siege of Zara
- first attack against a Catholic city by the crusaders
- Siege of Constantinople
- Siege of Zara
Wednesday-
The Fifth Crusade
- Crusaders
- Pope Innocent III
- Pope Honorius III
- Egyptions
- Conquer Egyptian state Ayyubid
- Weaken Egyptian unity
- Go through to Jerusalem
- Crusaders join ruler of Jerusalem in Acre to fight against Ayyubid
- Prepared army that spread from Germany to Holland
- Allied with Sultan of Rum- attack from North
- Battle Damietta
- June 1218
- Attacked Damietta (important Egyptian settlement)
- Took months and lots of lives to get in
- Egyptians moved closer to Cairo
- Cairo takeover fails
- not enough provisions during the battle
- Nile floods trapped them
- Christians retreat
- Sultan captures the crusader army
- Demanded Damietta be freed
- Eventually given back
- Demanded Damietta be freed
The Eighth Crusade
- Launched by Louis IX of France against the city of Tunis in 1270
- Crusade was a failure after Louis the IX died
- His disease ridden army went back to Europe shortly after
The Ninth Crusade
- The failure of the 8th crusade led Henry III of England's son Edward to sail to Acre in what was the Ninth Crusade
- This crusade saw several victories for Edward but ultimately, the Crusaders withdrew and eventually lost all land in the Middle East and north Africa.
Reconquista
- 722-1492
- Kick muslims and non-Christians out of Spain and re-conquer it for Christianity
- Muslims invaded Spain in 722 AD
- Last Muslim area(Grenada) fell in 1492
Why did the Crusades fail?
- After the 1st attempt, each attempt was weaker with less emphasis on winning
- People soon became about making money and getting goods
- Stealing from Byzantine and Islamic cities and people
Effects of Crusades
- Showed power of Church
- Increased trading between East and West
- Led to massive cultural diffusion
- Lead to the commercial revolution
- Increased trading helped business flourish
- Merchants increased
- Muslim bitterness and hatred toward Christians
- Constantinople eventually falls to Turks
- Almost 2 million people died
Thursday
The Seventh Crusade
- Started by King Louis IX of France
- Jerusalem/Holy Land was in Muslim Control
- Launched by Monarch not church
- Took place in Egypt and South France
- Land and people could be exchanged for Holy Land
- Battle took place along the Nile Delta
- 1248-1254
- Fought during August
- Nile flooding stranded Crusaders for 6 months
- Failed crusade due to last of numbers adn disease
- Louis IX was catrued and held for ransom
- French lost a large portion fo their army to the Musliims
Changes in Medieval Life
- European population increased as people lived longer
- Food supply increased due to warmer temperatures and increased farmland/agriculture
- Horses replaced oxen in fields
- Three-field syste replaced two-field system
- 2/3 of land would be used for farming instead of half-more food-health increases- people live longer
- Surnames(last names) started during this period
- Smith, Carpenter
- Trade greatly increased
Friday-
We discussed some current events
The Guilds
- Precursor to labor unions
- "An organization of individuals in the same business or occupation working to imrove the economic and social conditions of its members"
- The guilds set standards for quality of work, wages, and working conditions
- Became very wealthy and powerful in Medieval times
- Apprentice
- Journeymen
- Master
Commercial Revolution
- Period of time where business and trade expanded greatly throughout Europe
- Europe was moving away from the manor system/feudalism where each manor was self-sufficient
- Manors
- King
- Nobles
- Kinghts
- Peasants
- Kinghts
- Nobles
- King
- Manors
- Towns and cities became more immportant and the place wehre markets and fairs were located
- Trade items included cloth, bacon, salt, honey, cheese, wine, leather, dyes, knives, ropes and much more
- Trade routes spread throughout Europe and into Asia
- Banks and businesses started expanding as well
The Revival of Learning
- Refind works from Greek philosophers while going through the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world, including spain
- Rekindled learning
- Writers started writing books
Thomas Aquinas
- Italian Catholic priest and influential philosopher and theologian
- Honors him as a saint and regards him as the model teacher for those studying for the priesthood
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