Monday: Work day.
Tuesday: Work day.
Wednesday: My group presented.
Thursday: Group presentations. (11.2)
Russia’s Birth
How did Vladimir impact Kiev?
What were some of the major reasons as to why Kiev rose to power and why it fell?
What effect did the Mongols have on the Russian Empire
Why was expanding the city of Moscow important?
The Russian Empire
Russia’s birth:
Geography:
West of the Ural Mountains
From the Back to the Baltic Sea
Hilly grasslands in the south
Dense, flat forests in the north
Rivers allowed boat travel in every direction
Dnieper, Don, Volga- main river
Early days
In the 1800’s small bands of adventurers came from the north
Varangians, or Rus
Built forts along the rivers and settles among the Slavs
Slavs and Vikings
Legend says that Slavis incited the Viking chief, Rurik, to be their king
He founded Novgorod ub 863, which became Russia first important city
Then in 880 nobleman Oleg moved the focus from Novgorod to Kiev
Vikings could sail by river to Constantinople and trade for products
Grew into principality
Eventually Vikings intermarried with Salve and the line between them vanished
Kiev becomes Orthodox
Princess Olga of Kiev went to Constantinople and publically converted to Christianity
She governed until her son was old enough to rule
After her son, her grandson Vladimir ruled and considered conversion to Christianity
Vladimir sent teams to observe major religions
The report about Christianity from Byzantium convinced him to make all his subjects convert
Kiev now looked to the Byzantine Empire for religious guidance
Therefor the close link between church and state was implemented in Russia
Kiev’s Power and Decline :
Rise to Power:
As Kiev rose in power and riches, it marked the first appearance for Russia as a unified territory
The territory grew from the wooden forts and buildings to an extravagant capital filled with the most prosperous, educated citizens
Vladimir the Great
Kievan Russia
Vladimir led Kiev to its power
Expanded the state west into Poland as well as to the north, close to the Baltic Sea
Yaroslav the Wise
Yaroslav the Wise, Vladimir’s son, came into power in 1019. His coming into power lead Kiev to an even more prosperous glory
He was able to fight off nomads from the steppes to the south of the capital
By marrying off his daughters and sisters he was able to create strong trading alliances with Western Europe
Made legal code that was tailored to Kiev’s commercial culture
Dealt with crimes against property
Yaroslav built the first library in Kiev
Because of Yaroslav’s power, the christian faith grew
In the 12th century, Kiev has more than 400 churches
Kiev Fall/Decline:
The decline of Kiev began when Yaroslav died in 1054
During his reign he made a crucial mistake by dividing up the realms of his kingdom among his sons, instead of passing the throne onto the eldest son
When Yaroslav died the sons fought with one another tearing the state up when choosing the territories
During the dividing of the kingdom, the people of Kiev continued the struggle
In 1095, the Crusades, fights between Christians and Muslims for control of the Holy Lands in the Middle East, disrupted trade in Kiev
The Mongol Invasions
In the Middle 1200s. A ferocious group of horsemen came to Russia from Central Asia
These invaders were known as the Mongols
The mongols came into the world scene in the early 1200s
Their ruler was Genghis Khan, one of the most feared warriors of all time
The Mongols may have left Asia because:
They were forced out by economic or military pressures
They were lured by the wealth of cities to the West
They rode horses through the steppes of Central Asia and on into Europe
They had a reputation of brutality due to their savage killings and burnings
Although Genphis Khan died in 1227, his successors continued conquering the land that he had started
At its fullest extent, the Mongol Empire stretched from the Yellow sea to the Baltic Sea and from the Himalayas to Northern Russia
In 1240, the Mongols attacked and demolished Kiev under the leadership of Genghis Khan’s grandson, Batu Khan
According to a Russian reporter, so many inhabitants were slaughtered that “no eye remains to weep”
Fiver years later, a Roman Catholic Bishop traveling through wrote “ When we passed through that land, we found that lying in the field countless head and bones of dead people”
After the fall of Kiev, Mongols ruled all of Southern Russia for 200 years
The empire's official names was “Khanate of the Golden Horde”
Khanate- Mongol word for Kingdom
Golden-gate was the royal color of the Mongols
Horde- Mongol word for camp
Under the Mongol rule, the Russians could follow all of their usual customs as long as they didn’t rebel
Mongols demanded only two things from the Russians:
Absolute obedience
Massive amounts of tributes or payments
The the most part, Russian nobles agreed
Alexander Nevsky (prince and military hero of Novgorod) advised his fellow princes to cooperate with the Mongols
The Russian nobles often crushed revolts against the Mongols and even collected taxes for them
Because Mongol rul isolated from its neighbors in Western Europe. Russians has little access to many new ideas
Friday: Continued presentations.
Chapter 11.3 - Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
- Key Questions
- 1. Explain the effect the Seljuks and other Turkish groups had on the middle east and Eastern Europe
- 2. How did the Crusades shape the relationship between Christians and Muslims for the future?
- 3. What caused Genghis Kan and the Mongols to be so powerful and what effect did they have on the world?
- The Rise of the Turks
- Abbasids
- Led by a caliph, the Muslim religious and political leader
- Had ruled east of the Byzantine Empire since the 700s
- Had struggled to maintain control of their land
- Lost Spain, then Morocco, then Tunisia, then parts of Persia, then Egypt
- Turks
- The Tu-Kiu were a tribe living on the plains west of Chine
- They are believe to have been the early Turks
- They were very skilled with horses and were nomadic, using camels to transport their things
- The Abbasids took note of their fighting skills
- Turkish Soldiers
- The Abbasids began kidnapping young Turks to use as slaves and train as soldiers
- These soldiers gradually became very powerful and were known as the Mamelukes
- Seljuk Turks
- In the late 900s, many Turkish tribes began migrating into the Abbasid Empire
- One group was known as the Seljuks and they attacked and took over the capital of Baghdad
- They now controlled them empire and conducted military campaigns against the Byzantines
- In the 1000s, they conquered most of Anatolia
- They came closer to Constantinople than ever before
- Malik Shah ruled as last strong Seljuk leader
- No capable Shah appeared to replace him
- The Seljuk Empire disintegrated
- With the Seljuks weak, the West launched an attack for control of the Holy Land and the Middle East
- Abbasids
- The First Crusade
- Created by Pope Urban II in 1095
- Purposed was to drive Turks out of Anatolia and recover Jerusalem from Muslim Rule
- In 1099, the Crusaders captured Jerusalem and set up a Latin Christian Kingdom
- Seljuk Return
- After a century of Christian Rule, a small part of the former Seljuk empire fought back
- A war between the West and the Muslims, lead by Saladin, lead to the Muslims recapturing Jerusalem
- Eventually a truce between Saladin and King Richard the I of England was signed
- This gave Jerusalem and the Holy Land to the Muslims, but allowed Christians to make pilgrimages to the Holy Land
- Seljuks Secure Persian Support
- Seljuk rulers courted the support of their newly conquered Persian subjects
- Toghril Beg chose the Persian City of Isfahan to be the capital of his kingdom
- Persians became loyal supporters of the Seljuks
- Persian Learning
- The Seljuks admired Persian learning
- When they arrived in Southwest Asia, they were unfamiliar with Islamic culture and religion
- They looked to their Persian subjects for guidance
- They adopted features of the Persian life
- Seljuk Rulers
- The word for Seljuk Ruler is "Shah"
- Malik Shah took pride in supporting Persian artists and architects
- Malik beautified the city of Isfahan by building mosques
- Seljuks Face the Mongols
- Mongols
- The Mongols were a nomadic tribe of Northern Asia, located above China
- In the early 1200s AD, the Mongols were united under the leader Genghis Khan and became a powerful nation with a mighty army
- The Mongols rapidly conquered China and much of Asia under the rule of Genghis Khan and became one of the most powerful empires in the world
- Genghis Khan
- Born "Temujin" in Mongolia around 1162
- He became chief of his clan after his father's death
- He started building a massive army in order to destroy many of his enemy tribes in northeast Asia
- The Mongols military success is owed to the mind of Genghis Khan
- He was gifted the named Genghis Khan by his tribal leader because of his success over rival tribes
- Next, he moved into China to secure land and good
- Genghis Khan moved west because of a diplomatic argument with the Khwariszm Dynasty
- Genghis Khan's death is a mystery, but before he passed, he gave his land to his sons
- Expansion
- After conquering China, the Mongols moved West to expand their empire
- They burned and leveled cities, while killing whole populations
- Moved west to Baghdad and took over the city
- Victory Over Baghdad
- The savage fighting continued until Hulagu (Khan's son) conquered the entire city
- Once conquered, the Mongols burned the Caliph's palace and had tens of thousands of people murdered
- Mongol belief forbade the spilling of sacred blood, so they had the last Abbasid Caliph wrapped in carpet and trampled by horses
- The Fall of the Mongol Empire
- The success of Genghis Khan and his successors created the biggest land empire in history
- The Mongols knew little about administering and controlling land, which ultimately caused the fall of the empire
- Out of the rubble of the Mongolian Empire rose another group of Turks, the Ottomans
- The Ottoman empire would last into the 20th century
- Mongols
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