Monday- workday on Chapters 11 and 13 projects
Tuesday- workday on Chapters 11 and 13 projects
Wednesday-
11.1- The Byzantine Empire
- Key Questions:
- 1. Why did the Byzantine Empire Fall?
- 2. Who was Justinian and what did he do?
- 3. What is the Justinian code?
- 4. What are some similarities and differences between the Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxy
- 5. Why did the churches divide?
- A New Rome in a New Setting
- Even though the Roman Empire was divided, rulers in the East saw themselves as Emperors of Rome
- In 527, a Byzantine nobleman named Justinian succeeded his uncle to the throne of the Eastern Empire
- In order to regain Rome's glory, Justinian sent his best general Belisarius to recover North Africa from the Germanic Tribes
- Two years later, Belisarius attacked Rome and took it from Barbarians called the Ostrogoths
- The city kept being attacked by other tribes and over 16 years Rome change hands 6 times
- Eventually, though, Justinian's armies won almost every battle
- Byzantine emperors had absolute power
- They were in charge of politics and religion
- Life in the New Rome
- Few spoke Latin, they spoke Greek instead
- Justinian
- Byzantine Emperor
- Served from 527 to 565 AD
- Married to Theodora from 525 to 548 AD
- He wrote books
- He created the Justinian Code and public building program
- Justinian Code
- It was created when the empire was unified
- Marriage, slavery, property, inheritance, women's rights, and criminal justice were a few laws included
- His workers went through and got rid of the useless laws
- There were 5,000 Roman laws that were useful
- The digest showed summary opinions on the law by Rome's greatest legal people
- The institiues was a textbook that told law students how to use the law
- The novellae (new law) presented legislation passed after 534 AD
- The code continued to serve the empire for 900 years after him
- Justinian Public Building Program
- The most ambitious public building in the Roman world
- Rebuilt Constantinople after it crumbled
- His workers built a 14-mile stone wall along the coastline
- His palace enlarged into a vast complex with baths, aqueducts, courts, schools, and hospitals
- Churches
- Their greatest building passion was churches
- Most visible sign of connection between church and the state in his empire
- Motto: "Hagia Sophia" (which means "Holy Wisdom" is Greek)
- Church named that (most splendid in the Christian world), but destroyed in riots in 532 AD
- Education
- Subjects: Greek and Latin, grammar, and philosophy
- Memorized Homer
- Learned geometry Euclid, history from Herodotus, and medicine from Galen
- Empire
- The main street was called "Mese", which means "middle way"
- This is where merchant stalls were lined
- Products from Asia, Africa, and Europe were sold in these stalls
- Food stands were everywhere as well, and filled the air with the smell of delicacies
- Hippodrome
- Hippodrome means horse and racecourse
- Citizens could watch it for free
- Wild chariot races and performance acts
- It could hold 60,000 spectators
- Fans would form rowdy gangs supporting the different teams with a variety of colors
- Riots
- In 532, two fan groups started a city-wide riot- the Nika Rebellion ("Nika" means "victory")
- Both sides were angry with the government
- The city officials had been too severe stopped a riot of Hippodrome fans
- They packed it and demanded to overthrow Justinian
- However, Belisarius broke in with his troop and killed 30,000 rebels
- Justinian wanted to flee during this rebellion but his wife made him stay
- The Empire Falls
- After Justinian's death in 565
- Empire suffered many comebacks
- Street riots, religious quarrels, palace intrigues, and foreign dangers
- On the verge of falling many times
- The Plague of Justinian
- Before Justinian's death
- Disease resembles what is now the Bubonic Plague
- It hit Constantinople
- Came from ships from India
- In 542 AD, 10,000 people were dying everyday
- Lasted until 700 AD
- Killed a huge amount of the Byzantine Empire population
- Attacks from the East and West
- Ever since they came to power, they had a lot of enemies
- Lombards overran Justinian's conquests in the West
- Avars, Slavs, and Bulgars attacked on the Northern border
- Sassanid Persians attacked in the East
- Persians and Avars came together and attacked in 626
- Rise of Islam: Arab armies attacked in 674 AD and 717 AD
- Russians attempted invasions three times
- The Turks took over the Muslim world and fought into the Byzantine Empire
- Used bribes, diplomacy, political marriages, and military power to keep enemies at bay
- 7th Century Emperor Heraclius reorganized the Empire along with military lines
- Provinces became themes run by a general
- The Empire slowly shrunk
- In 1350, the Empire was reduced to the tip of Anatolia
- Constantinople lasted for 100 more years but fell in 1435 to the Ottoman Turks
- The Church Divides
- 1054 AD
- Church Divides into Eastern and Western
- During the Byzantine Empire, Christianity underwent a dramatic development
- Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy
- Originally, Christianity had one church
- Due to political conflicts and differences in beliefs, it split
- The Leaders of the Church
- Pope
- The Head of the Roman Catholic Church
- Patriarch
- Eastern Orthodox leader
- Do not consider him their supreme authority
- Bow to the Emperor
- Pope
- Christianity Officially Split
- Differences continued to grow
- Pope and Patriarch excommunicated
- Official split:
- Roman Catholic Church (West)
- Orthodox Church (East)
- Byzantine Missionaries Convert the Slavs
- Missionaries from the Orthodox
- Convert the Slavs who inhabited forests
- Cyril and Methodius
- Invented Alphabet from Slavic languages
- Bible
- Slavic Languages
- Now written in the Cyrillic alphabet
- Includes Russia
Thursday- Chapter 11.2 Presentation (my group)
Friday-
Chapter 11.3- Turkish Empires Rise in Anatolia
- Key Questions
- 1. Explain the effect the Seljuks and other Turkish groups had on the middle east and Eastern Europe
- 2. How did the Crusades shape the relationship between Christians and Muslims for the future?
- 3. What caused Genghis Kan and the Mongols to be so powerful and what effect did they have on the world?
- The Rise of the Turks
- Abbasids
- Led by a caliph, the Muslim religious and political leader
- Had ruled east of the Byzantine Empire since the 700s
- Had struggled to maintain control of their land
- Lost Spain, then Morocco, then Tunisia, then parts of Persia, then Egypt
- Turks
- The Tu-Kiu were a tribe living on the plains west of Chine
- They are believe to have been the early Turks
- They were very skilled with horses and were nomadic, using camels to transport their things
- The Abbasids took note of their fighting skills
- Turkish Soldiers
- The Abbasids began kidnapping young Turks to use as slaves and train as soldiers
- These soldiers gradually became very powerful and were known as the Mamelukes
- Seljuk Turks
- In the late 900s, many Turkish tribes began migrating into the Abbasid Empire
- One group was known as the Seljuks and they attacked and took over the capital of Baghdad
- They now controlled them empire and conducted military campaigns against the Byzantines
- In the 1000s, they conquered most of Anatolia
- They came closer to Constantinople than ever before
- Malik Shah ruled as last strong Seljuk leader
- No capable Shah appeared to replace him
- The Seljuk Empire disintegrated
- With the Seljuks weak, the West launched an attack for control of the Holy Land and the Middle East
- Abbasids
- The First Crusade
- Created by Pope Urban II in 1095
- Purposed was to drive Turks out of Anatolia and recover Jerusalem from Muslim Rule
- In 1099, the Crusaders captured Jerusalem and set up a Latin Christian Kingdom
- Seljuk Return
- After a century of Christian Rule, a small part of the former Seljuk empire fought back
- A war between the West and the Muslims, lead by Saladin, lead to the Muslims recapturing Jerusalem
- Eventually a truce between Saladin and King Richard the I of England was signed
- This gave Jerusalem and the Holy Land to the Muslims, but allowed Christians to make pilgrimages to the Holy Land
- Seljuks Secure Persian Support
- Seljuk rulers courted the support of their newly conquered Persian subjects
- Toghril Beg chose the Persian City of Isfahan to be the capital of his kingdom
- Persians became loyal supporters of the Seljuks
- Persian Learning
- The Seljuks admired Persian learning
- When they arrived in Southwest Asia, they were unfamiliar with Islamic culture and religion
- They looked to their Persian subjects for guidance
- They adopted features of the Persian life
- Seljuk Rulers
- The word for Seljuk Ruler is "Shah"
- Malik Shah took pride in supporting Persian artists and architects
- Malik beautified the city of Isfahan by building mosques
- Seljuks Face the Mongols
- Mongols
- The Mongols were a nomadic tribe of Northern Asia, located above China
- In the early 1200s AD, the Mongols were united under the leader Genghis Khan and became a powerful nation with a mighty army
- The Mongols rapidly conquered China and much of Asia under the rule of Genghis Khan and became one of the most powerful empires in the world
- Genghis Khan
- Born "Temujin" in Mongolia around 1162
- He became chief of his clan after his father's death
- He started building a massive army in order to destroy many of his enemy tribes in northeast Asia
- The Mongols military success is owed to the mind of Genghis Khan
- He was gifted the named Genghis Khan by his tribal leader because of his success over rival tribes
- Next, he moved into China to secure land and good
- Genghis Khan moved west because of a diplomatic argument with the Khwariszm Dynasty
- Genghis Khan's death is a mystery, but before he passed, he gave his land to his sons
- Expansion
- After conquering China, the Mongols moved West to expand their empire
- They burned and leveled cities, while killing whole populations
- Moved west to Baghdad and took over the city
- Victory Over Baghdad
- The savage fighting continued until Hulagu (Khan's son) conquered the entire city
- Once conquered, the Mongols burned the Caliph's palace and had tens of thousands of people murdered
- Mongol belief forbade the spilling of sacred blood, so they had the last Abbasid Caliph wrapped in carpet and trampled by horses
- The Fall of the Mongol Empire
- The success of Genghis Khan and his successors created the biggest land empire in history
- The Mongols knew little about administering and controlling land, which ultimately caused the fall of the empire
- Out of the rubble of the Mongolian Empire rose another group of Turks, the Ottomans
- The Ottoman empire would last into the 20th century
- Mongols
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