Monday- presentations..
Mongols
- group of nomadic clans along the Asian steppes
- Early 1200's Genghis Khan unified the mongols and conquered China
- Eventually Khan towards the west and razed cities and slaughtered whole populations
- Killed several people in Baghdad
- Hulagu executed last Abbasid by having him trampled by horses
- Mongols failed didn't know how to administer their territory
- Lack of knowing to administer their territory there empire only lasted a few generations
Rise of Ottomans
- Rubble of the Mongol empire rose from another group the Turks
- They would come and builds and empire that lasted until the 20th century
Charlemagne Unites Germanic Tribes
- Invasion of Western Europe caused several problems
- Disruption of trade
- Cities were abandoned
- No strong leaders
- Decline of learning
- Know one understood anything
- Germanic Kingdom Emerge
- Changed with the fortunes of the war
- Church as an institution survived the fall of Roman Empire
- During political chaos
- Church supplied order and security
- After the Fall of Rome smaller kingdoms that came
- Franks controlled the largest and strongest countries
- Frankish Empire Grew
Government Changes
- Germanic Chief's led a band of warriors
- Warriors pled loyalty to him
- Followers warriors lived in their lord's hall
- Gave necessities
- Fought to the death
- Disgrace to outlive
- Don"t know Don't obey
- Stress on personal ties to establish government for large territories
Clovis
- Ruled the Franks
- Franks held the power
- His wife converted him to Christianity
- Led warriors against German Tribe
- Deared Defeat and turned to Christian
- Tide the battle changed
- Church welcomed him
Germans Adopt Christianity
- Politics were important
Missionaries
- Spread Christianity
- Germanic and Celtic groups
- Worked along them
- Several became Christians because of fear of Muslims
Benedict's Book
- Set of rules
- Monasteries/Convents
- Used for women his sister mainly
- Led to monasteries becoming best educated
Gregory 1
- The Great
- Became Pope
- Broadened the authority of pope's office beyond the spirit role
- Papacy -Secular Pope's office / palace was the center of the Roman Government
- Raised Armies repaired roads helped the poor negotiated peace treaties
- Strengthen the vision of Christianity
Charlemagne
- Built the empire even greater
- Led his armies against enemies that were surrounded his kingdom
- While fighting he spread Christianity
- Most powerful king in Western Europe
- Crowned Emperor because he was so good
- Crushed people who tried to hurt the Pope
- Led a revival
- Heirs
- Crowned his only surviving song Louis the Pious Emperor
- He was religious
- Treaty of Verdun
- Sons signed to split the kingdom in three
- Lost power
- Lost authority
The age of Chivalry
Knights; warriors on horses
Charles Martel
Saw that the Muslim cavalry turned the tides of battles
Organized Frankish troops into armored horsemen and Knights
Technology of Warfare Changes j
Saddles and Stirrups
Saddles- kept the warrior firmly seated
Stirrups
Handle heavier weapons
Warhorses played a key military role
Caltrops
2 inch iron spikes
They would throw them on the battle field so horses would step on then and fall
The Warriors Role in a Feudal Society
Europe was a battle ground of nobles who wanted power
To defend their territories, lords raised private armies
In return for military service, feudal lords gave them fiefs from their estates
Feif- a house that a feudal lord win given to most valued warriors
The warriors role
Lords demanded 40 days of combat a year
Wrestling and hunting
Knighthood and the code of chivalry
Knighthood
Knights were expected to show courage in battle and loyalty to their lords and protect the weak and poor
Ideal Knights were loyal, brave, and courteous
Most knights failed to meet these standards
treated the poor bad
Code of chivalry
The code of chivalry stated that the knight must fight bravely in defense of three masters
Earthly feudal lord, heavenly lord, chosen lady
Code of Chivalry- a complex set of ideals
To fear god maintain his church, serve the liege lord in calour and faith
To guard the honor of the fellow knights
A Knights Training
Sons of nobles
Started at age 7 and was sent to a castle of another lord
Was a page who waited on the host
Pages are servants who served meals, cleaned clothes and carried messages
Practiced fighting skills with other pages using shields and swords
Ate 14 the sons became squires
Squire are people taking care of knights horses. Clear Armour, and accompany knights to the battlefield
Around 21 the squires become knights
After being dubbed a knight, many men travel for a year or two
Gain experience by fighting in local wars or mock tournaments
tournaments - combined recreation and combat training
Fierce and bloody competitions
Winners usually demanded large ransoms to fight
Dubbing Ceremony
The (k) night before a squire would be required to spend the night alone in prayer
A ceremony for bravery and skill in battle
Squires would kneel before a lord, knight, or king who would tap the squires shoulders with a sword
At the ceremony, knight would have to take an oath to honor and protect his king and church
After would be presented with a pair or riding spurs and a sword
Castles
By 1100 large wall and guard towers were built around castles
Castles dominated the countryside in western Europe
Home to the lord and his lady, their family and knights and other men at arms, and servants
Castles are fortresses designed for defense
Castles were taken in bloody battles
Warfare
Attacking armies used a range of weapons and strategies to force a castle to surrender
Defenders of the castle poured boiling water, hot oil, or molten lead on enemy soldiers
Archers were stationed on the roof of the castle and armed with crossbows
The bolts could pierce full Armour
Literature of Chivalry
Themes of medieval literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal warfare
Many stories idealized castle life
Stories glorified knighthood, chivalry, tournaments, and real battles
Songs and poems about a knight love stories were very popular
Epic Poetry
Poems that recounted a hero's deeds and adventures that were enjoyed by lords and their ladies
Their form of entertainment during this time
Love Poems and Songs
Troubadours- traveling poet- missions at the castle and the court of Europe
Composed verse and songs about the joys and sorrows of romance
The code of chivalry promoted a false image of knights, making them seem more romantic that brutal
Women's role in a Feudal Society
Women in general held a high importance to their society
But women also had the added burden of being thought inferior to men
Noble women
Could inherit an estate from her husband
And could send knights to war under the lords command
Key role in defending the castles
Peasants
Were poor and powerless
Tuesday- notes we presented
Wednesday- notes we presented
Thursday- notes
Friday- notes
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