Monday-
WWI
Know WWI key questions!!!
•Be able to identify characteristics of Europe in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s
- Very nationalistic
- Willing to go to war to protect interests and national honor
- Industrialization was occurring
- Population was increasing
- People were moving from rural areas to the city-urbanization
- Many people were in poverty
- Due to poverty, many people turned to labor unions and socialism
- Countries competed with one another for markets, raw materials and colonies
- Countries also traded a lot with each other
- Imperialism became common
- Created "spheres of influence" on Africa and Asia
- Alliances developed
- armies and navies were built up (militarism)
•Be able to identify the main causes of WWI and how they led to war
Militarism
Imperialism
Nationalism
Economic competition
S-Alliances
------------------------------
Assassination
•Be able to identify the countries of Europe during WWI and what alliance they belonged to
•Be able to explain what and where the Powderkeg of Europe is and why it was called that
Called Powederkeg because there were a lot of different races. The groups did not get along well..Also, if something were to happen, something big would happen. An "explosion" or war.
•Be able to identify the event that started WWI
Austria-Hungary
- It was a multi-national, dual monarchy
- it had eleven major ethnic groups
- Austrians and Hungarians were the largest
- No group made up a majority of the country
- Many different languages, religions and customs.
- The gov. hated nationalism. Why?
- The Gov. despised Serbians and Serbia
- "The Serbian Menace"
- Serbia wanted to make the Serbians living in Austria-Hungary, part of a "Greater Serbia"
- The Black Hand was created in Serbia
- Secret organization whose goal it was to unite all Serbs by any means necessary
- Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophia in Sarajevo, igniting the Powderkeg, starting WWI
Chain of Events--
A. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand.
B. Austria-Hungary sends ultimatum to Srbia
C. Serbia refuses to accept ultimatum
D. Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
1. Only after Germany gives them a promise of support
E. Russia mobilizes to support Serbia
F. Germany declares war on Russia
1. Hoped
•Be able to identify the goals of the war for countries involved
- Aren't many goals except for land and money
- France took land from Germany and other central powers.
- Great Britain wanted land
- Italy wanted land
- Russia wanted land
- Austria-Hungary wanted self preservation
- Germany wanted land
- United states wanted to win and end the war
•Be able to describe what fighting was like in WWI
Three types of trenches--
1. Front line
2. Support
3. Reserve
In between the trenches was known as "No Man's Land"
2. Support
3. Reserve
In between the trenches was known as "No Man's Land"
Trenches allowed for very high casualties.
Weapons in trenches and such--
- Flask
- Flare
- Trench club
- Handgun
- Bayonet
- Grenade launchers
- Pineapple grenade
- Gas mask
- Flamethrowers
- Machine guns
- US Browning M1917
- Really used on the front line, too big to carry
- Gas warfare
- Tear gas
- Temporary blindness greatly inflamed the nose. Irritate eyes and lungs. Wouldn't kill you
- Chlorine gas
- Could kill. Started internal bleeding
- Mustard gas
- Attacks on exposed moist skin. Eyes and such. Blistering you and internal bleeding. Could kill
- Tear gas
- Tanks
- British--"Little Willie"
- French--Renault Light
- Artillery guns
- German-"Big Bertha"
- US--"Calamity Jane Howitzer"
- Submarines
- German U-boats
- Zeppelins(Blimp)
- Bomb
- Spying
- Battleships
- Mines were used to sink battleship
- Depth charge attacks
- Airplanes
- SPAD XII
- Sopwith Pup
- Baron Manfred von Richthofen-German. Hes was the Red Baron
- Animals at war...
- Would use gas masks on animals to test if they worked or not.
Turkish Massacre of the Armenians
•Be able to identify the US policy that Wilson declared when WWI broke out in 1914
President Wilson declared that the U.S. was to b neutral when WWI broke out.
- 1. "Impartial in thought as well as in action"
- 2. Neutrality was successful for three years
1916 Election
-Woodrow Wilson (Democrat)-Incumbent
-Charles Evans Hughes (Republican)
-Wilson won because his platform: Kept us out of war
•Be able to identify why the US was drawn into war and why we drew closer to the Allied Powers
1. Great Britain and Germany were both stopping U.S. ships
--Eventually, U.S. drew closer to war and the Aliies
Why???
Why???
- German sinking of British ships and killing of U.S. citizens
- Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
- Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare
Sussex Pledge-
- President Wilson to Germany=" End the attack on unarmed ships or risk the severing of diplomatic relations"
- Germany responded on May 4, 1916 with the "Sussex Pledge" German submarine policy
- end sinking of passenger ships
- search merchant ships for contraband and make provisions for passengers and crews before sinking ship
- German guarantees were generally honored.
The Zimmerman note-
- In summary, German tried to get Mexico to declare war on the United States.
- Germany promised Mexico that they would get the Mexican Cession back if they won.
- Germany wanted to keep the US out of Europe
•Be able to identify the actions we took at home to mobilize our country for war
The Homefront
- Refers to what people did back in the US to help win the war
- Every country has their own homefront.
War industries board
--Headed by Bernard Baruch
--Regulated industry in U.S.
--Encouraged mass production
--Under the War Industries Board, industrial production in the U.S. increased 20 percent.
Food Administration-
- Headed by Herbert Hoover
- Urged people to conserve food
- Had "meatless days" and "wheatless days"
- "Victory gardens" were planted by schools and homes
- Prevented hoarding of food by people
- "Food is Ammunition-Don't waste it."
Goals of propaganda- Join Military, war bonds, Anti-German
IN charge of propaganda was- Committee on Public Information-
- Goal was to influence U.S. public opinion to support World War 1 in their own way
- Had a huge propaganda campaign to do so
- Americanized German words
- George Creel was head of CPI
•Be able to analyze WWI propaganda, identify it goals and evaluate the effectiveness of it
•Be able to identify the importance of key people: Woodrow Wilson, Charles Evans Hughes, John Pershing, Ferdinand Foch, Bernard Baruch, Herbert Hoover, George Creel
•Be able to identify the costs of the war: US and grand total
•Be able to define what the Paris Peace Conference was
- The meeting of the Allied victors following the end of WWI to set the peace terms for Germany and other defeated nations
- It took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 29 countries
- They came up with a series treaties ("Peace of Paris Treaties") that reshaped the map of Europe and imposed penalties on Germany
- The Big Four- Italy, America, France, Great Britain
•Be able to describe Wilson’s 14 Points
- The Fourteen Points was a speech delivered bu President Woodrow Wilson to Congress on January 8, 1918
- The speech became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as negotiated at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919
The points-
- An end to secret treaties
- Freedom of the seas
- Free trade for all countries
- Disarmament
- End to colonial claims
- Self-determination for all countries-Russia
- Restoration of Belgium
- Restoration of France
- Readjustment of Italy's boundaries
- Austria-Hungary would be given opportunity for autonomous development
- Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro should be evacuated and restored
- Turkey should be sovereign (independent)
- Poland would be given their independence
- The "League of Nations" would be developed
•Be able to describe the Treaty of Versailles in detail and the impact it had on Germany and Europe
- Territorial Losses
- The following land was taken away from Germany:
- A lot
- Military losses
- Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
- Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and no submarines
- Germany was not allowed an air force
- The Rhineland area was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowed into this zone. The allies were to keep an army of occupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15 years.
- Financial losses
- The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy. Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular was a vital economic loss.
- Germany had to pay $33 million in war reparations.
- Germany was also forbidden to unite with Austria to from one country.
- General
- 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility
- 2. Germany had to accept
League of Nations
- Five permanent members
- G.B., France, Italy, U.S., Japan
- Four non-permanent members that rotated
- All members must submit disputes for investigation, arbitration and settlement
- If member nation ignored, League could take action
- What type of action?
- Economic sanctions
- France wanted an international army but US and GB did not
- Germany and the Soviet Union were not allowed to join right away
- U.S. never joined-Why?
- We wanted to go back to isolation
- 1. Republicans thought it would pull US into European wars
- 2. Congress was concerned it would lose it's power to declare war if we joined
•Be able to describe why the US never ratified the Treaty of Versailles
- 1. Concern over the League of Nations
- 2. Politics
- US signed the U.S.
Tuesday- Added to notes above
Wednesday- Added to notes above
Thursday- Watched war pres. Work time for blog and such.
Friday-
Comments