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Byzantine Empire
Rome was divided but rulers in East saw themselves as Emperors of Rome
Byzantine nobleman Justinian succeeded his uncle to the throne of the eastern empire
Sent Belisarius to recover North Africa from the Germanic tribes
2 years later Belisarius attacked rome and took it from barbarians called Ostrogoths
Had absolute power
In charge of politics and religion
Most people spoke latin
Justian
Emperor
Married to Theodora
Wrote books
Created the Justinian Code and Public building program
Code
Created when the empire was unified
Marriage, slavery, poverty ect...
The digest showed summary opinion on the law by rome’s greatest leagal people
The institutes was a textbook that told law students how to use the law
The novellae
Public building empire-
Ambitious public building in the Roman world
Rebuilt the constatinople after it crumbled
Workers built a 14 mile stone wall along coastline
Palace enlarged into a vast compled with baths, aqueducts, courts, schools and hospitals
Churches
Big into churches
Empire was a sing of this
Education
Greek and latin grammer and philosophy
Memorized Homer
Learned geo from Euclid, history form Herodotus and medicine form Galen
Empire
Products from Asia, africa and europe
Acrobatsa nd street musicians
Hippodrome
Means horse and racecourse
Watch for free
Wild chariot races and preformance acts
Could hold 60,000 people
Fans would form rowdy gangs supporting different teams
Riots
Nika rebellion
Both sides angry with goverment about hippodromes
Demanded to overthow Justinian
Belisarius (western) brok in with his troops, 30,000 rebbels killed
Justinian wanted to flee durning this rebellino but his wife made hime stay
Empire Falls
After justinians death
Suffered many comebacks (fall and came back then fell again) like street riots and religous fights
Plague of justinian
Before justinian death
Like what is now the bubonic plague
Hits constantinople
Ships from india
10,000 people dying everyday
Attackts from East and West
Lombards overran Justinian’s conquest in the west
Avaras, salvs, and Bulgars on the Northern Border
Sassanid Persians tattacked in the East
Rise of Islam
Russians attempeted invasions three times
Turks tok over Muslim world
Used Bribes, diplomancy, political marrages andmilitary power
7th century emperor Heraclius reorganized empre
Provinces became theams
Empire slowly shrunk
Empire was reduced ot the tip of Anatolia
Constianople for 100 more years
1435 city fell to the turks
Church divides
Church divides into Easter and Western
Orgionally christanity had one church
Political conflicts
Difference in beliefs
Catholic church splits
Western
Easern
Differences
Roman- divorice was not permited, services are conducted in latin
Eastern-Priest may be married, Divorice is allowed
Similarities
They wanted to convert people
Leaders
Pope- head of the roman catholic
Patriarch- eastern chruch
Leaders- Patriarch Bartholomew, Pope Jhon Paul 2
Offically split
Differences continued to grow
Pope and Patriarch excommunicated
Offical split
Roman Catholic Church (west)
Orthodox church (east)
Byzantine Missionaries Convert Slavs
Missionaries from Orthodox
Convert the Slavs
Slavs- inhabited forests
Cyril and Methodius
Slavic Languages
Now written in the Cyrillic alphabet
Including russia
Russia
Geography
Rivers allowed boat travel
Main rivers were Dnieper, Don and Volga
Early days
In the 800’s small bands of adentures came from the north
Slavs and Vikings
Legend says the Slavis invited Viking cheif, Rurik, to be their king
He founded Novgorod, which became Russia’s first important city.
Vikings could sail by river
Keive becomes orthodox
Olga governed until her son was old enough to rule
Vladimir sent teams to observe major religions
Report about chrianistiny convinced him to convert everyone to it
He now looked to the byzantine empire for religous guidance
The close link between chruch and state was implimited here
Rise to power
Kiev rose in power it marked its first apperence in Russia
Vladimer exspanded
Downfall
Decline began when land was divided between sons
People struggled
Crusades between christians and muslims
Mongol invasions
Invaders came on Russia from central asia
Ruler was Ganghis Shan, one of the most feared rulers of all time
May have left asia
Pushed out by economic or military pressures
Lured by wealth of cities to the west
Reputation of brutality
Ruler died and land conquering contuinued
Fullest extent
Yellow sea to the Balic sea and the Himalayas to Northern Russia
After fall of Kiev Mongles fuled all of Sothern russia for 200 years
Uner mongol rule the russian could follow all of their usual customs as long s they didn’t rebel
Mongols tolerated all religions
Mongols demanded only 2 things
Adsolute obedience
Massive amounts of tributes or payments
Russians had little access to new tech
Russia breaks free
City of Moscow
Small weak village
Three rivers means control
Ivan I
Got power form helping Mongols
Conviced church to move to Moscow
Became the best ali for prices
Expanded their territory by land purchaes and wars and trickery
IvanIII
Moscow into empire
Wanted to be the “Third Rome” and took the name czar
Refused to pay futher to the Mongols
Stand off at Ugra River
150 miles from Moscow at the river
Russian forces were encamped one side Monglos on other
Prince Ivan commaned the Mongls to leave
Mongols were scared the Russias would attack them so they left
Russian persue empire
Turkish Empire
Abbasids
Led by caliph, muslim religious and political leader
Had ruled east of the Byzantine Empire since the 700’s
Had struggled to maintain control
Lost spain, then morocco, the tunisia, then parts of persia, and egypt
Turks
The Tu-kiu were a tribe living on the plains west of China
They are believed to have been the early turks
They were very skilled with hourses and were nomadic
Turkish soldiers
The Abbasides began kidnapping young Turks to use as slaves and train as soldiers
Seljuk Turks
Int he late 900’s many turkish tribes began migrating into the Abbasid Empire
One group was known as the Seljurks and they attacked and took over the captial of Baghdad
They now controlled the empire and conducted military
Conquered most of Anatolia
Came closer to Constaniople then anyone had before
Seljuks and Crusaders
Seljuks
Ruler was Malik Shah
No capable Shah appeared to replace him
The Seljuk empire disintegrated
With the Seljuks weak the west launched an attack for control of the Holy Land and the Middle East
Frist Crusade
Created by pope Urban in 1095
Purpose was to drive Turks out of Anatolia and recover Jerusalem from Muslim Rule
In 1099 the crusaders caputed Jerusalem and set up a latin christian kingdom
After a century of Christian Rule a small part of the former Seljuk empire fought back
A war between the West and the Muslims, lead Saladin, lead to the muslims recapturing Jerusalem
Eventually a truce between Saladin and King Richard of England was signed
Persian Recuting
Seljuk rulers courted the support of their newly conquered persian subjects
Toghril beg chose the persian city of Isfahan to be the capital of his kingdom
Persians became loyal supporters of Seljuks
Persian learning
Seljuks admired persian learing
When they arrived in southwest Asia they were unfamiliar with Islamic culture and religion
Seljuk rulers
Word is Shahs
Malik Shah took pride in supporting persian artists and architects
Malk beautified the ciry of Isfahan by building mosques
Sultan
Seljuks Face the Mongols
Mongols
Were a nomadic tribe of northern asia
Directly above china
United under Genghis Khan
Genghis Khan
Born in Mongolia
Became chief after his fathers death
Started building a massive army to destory many of his tribes enemy
Mongols military success is owed to the mind of Gengues Khan
Name was gifted to him by his tribal leaders
Moved into china to sucure land and food
High grow of population with little land
Moved west because of diplomatic argument
Expansion
After china they moved west
Burned and leveled cities while killing whole populations
Baghdad was surrounded by a defensive wall, which gave troblem to the Mongold
Victory over baghdad
Savige fight until Hulag conquered the entire city
Mongols burned capital..................................................
Fall of the Mongol Empre
Created the biggest land in empire history
Mongold did not know how to give land
Sons messed the land and giveing of it up
Ottoman Empire would last into the the 20th centary
Mongolian Empre was taken over also by the Ottoman
Germanic Tribes
Stormed on land and sea
Killed everyone
Disrupted learning
Destroyed roman language
Distrupted trade
Germanic kingdoms replaced roman
Church provided oreder and security durning the chaos of the roman empire
Tribes moved into the Italy, Gual, spain and north africa
Franks was one of the bigger places
Goverment changes
Rome family ties and personal loyality was what kept germanic tribes together
Germanic cheifs had a small group of warriors that were loyal to him
Considered dishoornorble if you outlived your leader
Very loyal to leader not really king
Clovis was leader of the Franks
Wife convereted him
United Franks (france) into one kingdom
Germans adopted christanity
Politics
Churhc and frankish rulers
Romes former lands
Missionaries ricked their lives
Germanic and celtic tribes, roman border
Fear of costal attacks
Monks of christanity
Benedict
15 years old in the Sabine Hills, lived as a hermit
Monks learned of him and asked him to lead them
Monasteries- religous building were monks lived
Nuns of christanity
Scholastica- B’s twin sister
Her and bother were close
Joined after he did
Power expands with Gregory I
Became pope
Enlarged the authority of the pope’s offer beyond the spirital role
The papacy became secular and wordly power of politics
Lombards
Christendom- spirtual kingdom ruled by a pope
Died in 604 AD
Empire
Franks controld the largest of Europes kingdoms
Over most of france
Charles Martel
Most powerful person in the Frankish kingdom
Extended franks north south and east
Battle of Tours
Charles defeated Muslim raiders near the city of Tours
Charles Martel’s victory at Tours made him a christian hero
Major victory for christianity
Pepin the Short
Charles son
Became king after fightuing the Lombards
Anoited king after battle by pope
Charlemagne
After pepin, son of pepin
Got land and power after death of father
Exstends kingdom in all directions
Pope Leo
Stressed christainity
Was awarded empor by Pope
Louis the Pipus
Had 3 sons
Recived all land and power
Sons started fighting
Empire was split
Power went to the noblemen
Knights
Kinghts on horseback
Mounted knights
Roles of knights
Defend territories
Service for land
Was only held to 40 days of combat a year
Knighthood and the code of chivalry
Sons of nobles train at age 7 and are sent to castle of another lord
Learned the code of chivalry, or knightly set of ideas
Demanded knight to fight bravely in defence of 3 masters- earthly feudal lord, heavenly lord, and his chosen lady
Loyal, brave, and courteous- most knight faild by their treatment of the poor
Page- began work on fighting skills
Ange 14- squire- severent to knight
21- became full on knight
Gain experience fighting in local wars- tournamts
Trumpets and ladies and loards cheered
Winners demanded large ransoms
Built castles
Archers on top
Boiling water, hot oil or molten lava
Literture of Chivalry
Themes of medieval literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and the fedual ar
Many of their stories idealized castle life
They were glorified the knighthood and chivalry
Also songs and poems about a knight.......
Epic poetry
Enjoyed
Recounted hero’s deeds
Retold king arthur and charlemagne
Song of roland-very famous
Love poems and songs
Troubadours were traveling poet musicians at the castles and courts of Rurope
Love disappointments
Love sick
Womens roles in a fedual society
Fedual- a society where pesants are given portions or land from the lord in exchange for various duties
Powerless like most men
Have even less power then the men
Could inherit estatte if the the loard allowed it
Could send warriors to war
Tended castels when husbands were away
Mostly worked around the house
Land was usally passed to the son
Peasant women
Housework
Uneducated
Worked in fields
Having a family and taking care of children were their main jobs
Power of the Church
Otto alies with the chruch
Crowned german king and holy empor
For a clsoe relatioship with churcha nd gained more power by getting support by the bishops
Defeated german princes following Charlemagne
Inbaded italy in 962 and was rewarded with being crowned emperor
Signe of futer conficts
Empire that Otto created ws called Roman empire of the german nation
Empire later became the holdy roman empire
Strongest in europe until 1100
Otto’s attempt of reviving charlemagne empire caused troble with future german leaders
300 years beofore Charlemagne
Pope Gelasius
Gelasius way to solve conflicts
Religious- pope
Political- emperor
Pope bows to emperor in political matters
Emperpr bows to pope in religious matters
If the tow repesced each other they kept their power in their own realm they would be in harmony
Structure of Church
Pope- bishops (settles disputes over practices and Chruch teachings)- priests (main contact with chruch)
Feudalism and manor system divided people
Teachings of the church brought people together
The church
Stable durning warfare and political confusion
People felt safe
Slergy administered the sacraments
Local villiage chruches
Law of the church
Religous and political
Medieval Christians followed teh Canon Law
Church law on things like religous practices and marrige
Church had two courts
Excommunication
Banished from chruch
Power over political leaders
Interdict
sacraments/religous practices couldn’t be practiced on kings land
Then become doomed to hell
Basically forced the empore to bow to the pope
Show down at Canossa
Practice of “lay investiture”allowed kings and noblemen to appoint chruch officials
Pope gregory the 7th didn’t like the set up
He abolished it
Angered Emperor Henry
Backfired on pope
Pope forced out of his land
Starts with Nenry crossing the alps to get to the town of Canossa
Pope was a gust at a castle in town
For 3 days Henry decided to wait outside
Pope grans forgiveness of sin to anyone who asked in his terms
After 3 days Henrys excommuncation was taken away
Concordat of “worms”- The chruch would appoint a bishop but the Emporer could veto it at any time
Frederick
King
Died while on the third crusade to the holy land
People didnt believe that he was really dead
Holy roman empire
Dominated the germans
Makes pice with pope and goes back to germany
Left and disorder came back to counrty
Invaded rich itality and pope hated him
Germans came down and attacked and pope started the lomgbarg leage
Always told pope he would not do anything but then he would
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