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Charlemagne Unites the Germanic Kingdoms
Key question: Describe the impact the Germanic Kingdoms, had on the development of Europe, especially under Clovis, Gregory, Martel, Pepin, and Charlemagne?
The Invasion of Western Europe
-destroyed land hurt people
-disrupted, trade, learning and land destroyed way of life, and pushed Europe into the dark ages.
Germanic Kingdoms Emerge
-In the year’s 400- 600 Germanic Kingdom replace Roman Provinces
-The church provided order and security during the chaos of the Roman Empire
Tribes
-Most tribes moved into Italy, Gaul, Spain, and North Africa
-Some names of the tribes were the Goths, Vandals, Franks, Lombards
-One of the bigger names was the Franks
Extra info
-The tribes obtained this land from Rome’s empire being evenly distributed among the tribes
Government Changes
-AFter the fall of Rome family ties and personal loyalty was what kept Germanic Tribes together
-Germanic people lived in small communities other that big cities like the Romans
-Every Germanic chief led a small group of warriors that were lowy to him.
-Their leader provided all necessities for battle which includes weapons, food, and treasure. They wore conic helmets, a round shield and various types of weapons
-Each soldier would fight to the death because it was considered
-They followed the tribes leader so much that they disobeyed the higher rankings of larger territories making it difficult to establish orderly government
-One of the biggest group were the Franks led by Clovis (mainly in Gaul)
Clovis Converts his Religion
-The leader of the Franks, Clovis
-Legend, Clothidle (Clo-tild) converted his Faith
-496 AD, Clovis fought in a war
-As he feared defeat, he spoke to God
-After the war, Clovis and his troops were baptized
-Church of Rome, supported clovis campaigns
-511 AD, Clovis united the Franks into one kingdom
Germans Adopt Christianity
-Politics were a key role
-600 AD, Church and FRankish Rulers
-Rome’s former lands
-Missionaries, risked their lives
-Germanic and Celtic Tribes, Roman Border
-Fear of coastal attacks
Monks of christianity
-Benedict, 480- 543
-15 years old, Sabine Hills, lived as a hermit
-MOnks learned of him, persuaded him to join, lead their monastery
-Monasteries- religious church building, monks lived under vows, possessions
Nuns of Christianity
-Scholastica _ Benedict's twin sister
-480- 543
-Herand Benedict were inseparable
-Devoted her life to the Christians Church =, joined Benedict’s monastery
Women called nuns lived in convents
-Both her and Benedict died,
Power Expands with Gregory I
-590 Gregory the First became the people
-Enlarged the authority of the people's office (Papacy), beyond the spiritual role
-The Papacy became secular, worldly power of politics
-The popes palace was the center of the Roman Government
-Church Revenues (tax) help poor people, raise armies , or repair the roads
-Negotiated with the Lombards
-Gregory was responsible, the areas of Italy, England, Spain Germany
-Christendom- was a spiritual kingdom, ruled by a pople
-that would be the central theme for the Middle ages
-During this time secular rules expanded their kingdoms with politics
Died in 604 AD
An Empire Evolves
-The Franks controlled the largest of Europe's kingdoms
The Franks first Christian king Clovis died in 511 Ad
-Extend the Frankish rule over most of France
Charles Martel Emerges
-By 700 AD Charles Martel become the most powerful person in the Frankish kingdom
-Was known as Major domo or Major of the palace
-Extended Frankish rule north, South and east
Battle of Tours 732 AD
-Charles defeated Muslim raiders near the city of Tours
-Charles martel’s victory at Tours made him a Christian hero
-Major victory for Christianity
Pepin the Short
-AFter Charles Martel's death he passed on his power to his son
-Pepin Became kings after fighting the Lombards
-For doing this the popl anointed pepin “king by the grace of God”
Charlemagne Becomes Emperor
-Inherited land from Pepin when he died
-expanded the Frankish empire and is almost bigger than the Roman Empire
-Louis was his son
-Louis had three sons
-Land divided the empire into 3 parts for each son
Feudalism in Europe
Describe Feudalism
What effects did the invasions have on the the people of Western Europe
The Invasions of the Carolingian Empire
-800,1000 invasions happened
-Muslim invaders from the sound seized sicily and raided Italy
-Muslims attack Rome in 846
-Magyar’s came from the East
-Terrorized Germany and Italy
Vikings Background
-Left from Scandinavia
-wintery and wooded area in Northern Europe
-Also called Northmen or Norsemen
-Germanic people
-Worship warlike gods
-Valued nickname- violent
Vikings Raids and War Ships
-Raids were quick
-They were there nd gone befroe the locals could start to defend themselves
-largest ship could carry 300 men
-They took turns working the ship's oars
-Could sail in just 3 feet of water
-Used ships to also row up shallow creeks and raid inland villages and monasteries
Exploration of Vikings
-Besides being warriors they were also farmers, traders, and explores
-Explored the heart of Russia, Constantinople
-Crossed the icy North Atlantic
-Leif Ericson, a viking explorer, reached North America about 100,500 years befor Columbus did
-Viking women could inherit property, request a divorce and reclaim their marriages ended
-Vikings were never part of a unified group
-Did not recognize fellow vikings
-tribes were often lead to fight against each other when they were not sailing the seas
Christianity and Vikings
-At the same time they discover North America the Vikings reign of terror in Europe faded away
-They started to gradually accept christianity
Stopped raid monasteries
Europe's climate changed
Magyars
-ame after the Vikings
-magyar were a group of nomadic people who came from the east
-they were excellent horsemen
-swept across the Danube River and invaded west Europe in the late 800’s
-targets villages and monasteries
-Overran Italy and reached as far the the Rhineland and Buguda
-They did not settle on the conquered land instead they took captive to sell the land
Muslims
-Struck from the south
-they started their conquering form their stronghold in africa
-Invaded Italy and Spain
Their plan was to conquer and settle in Europe in the 600 and 700
-Their goal was the plunder or steal
-Muslims were expert seafarers
-were able to attack settlements on the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts
Effects of Invasions
-Caused widespread disorder and suffering
Western Europe and lived in constant danger
-kings could not effectively defend their land
-People no longer look to a central ruler for security
-many turned to rules who had thi own army
-Any rule who could fight against the invader gained follower sna political
The Feudal System
-Based on rights and obligations
-King, Nobles, Knights, Peasants
Well defined Social classes
-Statues determined prestige and power
-people were classified in three groups
-Social classes were inherited
Positive of Feudalism
-Benefited everyone
-Land stability
-Long term employment
-Localized government
Negative of Feudalism
-90% of the people were serfs
-serfs had no voice in they system
-had higher taxes
-Kings had absolute power
-oppressive
-Work was gained by power ad prestige not by intelligence and qualification
Effects on Medieval Society
-Discourage unified government
-vassals sweared fealty oath to the lord giving hi the land
-not really loyal to the king
-discouraged trade/economic growth
-serfs couldn’t move or change occupations
-lords had monopolies
Feudalism
-Feudalism- is a political system in which nobles were granted the use of land that legally belongs to the king
Manor - the Economic side of Feudalism
-Manor- the lords estate (usually granted by a king)
-Manor system rested on a set of rights between the lord and his serfs
-lords provided sefs with housing, farmland and security from bandis
-Peasants women shared the farm work with their husbands
-all peasant , whether free or serfs owned the lord certain duties
-few days of labor each week and a portion of their grain
-Manors varied in size but most were 1200-1800 acres
-Every Noble had at least one
-Great noles might had many different manors, usually scattered throughout the country
Self Contained world
-Peasants rarely traveled more than 25 miles from their own manor
-a manor usually consisted of only a few square miles
-Fields, pastures, and woodlands surrounded the village
The grinding mill was often located next to the stream
-for the most part, the village was self sufficient
-serfs and peasants provided everything they and the lord needed for daily life
-few thing were bought outside of the village
Harshnees of Manor life
-for the privilege of living on the lord's land, the peasants paid a high price
-they paid tax on all of the grain in the mill
-If they tried to avoid taxes and bake bread elsewhere, it was treated as a crime
-they also paid taxes on marriage
The Age of Chivalry
Key Questions
What is Chivalry?
Knight: warriors on Horseback
-Horseback came about under the reign of Charles Martel
-Looked at Muslim cavalry
-Horseback soldier changed thie
-Leather saddles and stirrups
Roles of Knight
-defend territories
-Service for land
-was only held to 40 days of combat a year
-knight and horse had armour made of both metal and leather
Knighthood and the Code of Chivalry
-Sons of nobles train at age 7- sent to castle of another lord
-Learned the code of chivalry, or the knightly sets of ideas
-Demanded knight to fight bravely in defence of 3 masters- earthly feudal lord, heavenly lord, and his chose lady
-Loyal brave, and courteous- most knight failed by their treatment to poor
-Page began to work on fighting skills
-Age 14 squire- servant to knight
-Age 21 became a full fledged knight
-Gain experience fighting in local wars- tournaments
-winner demand large ransoms
-Built castles- dominated countryside in Western Europe
-Lord, lady, family, knights, servants made castles
-archers on top of the wall
The Literature of Chivalry
-Themes of medieval literature downplayed the brutality of knighthood and feudal war
-Many of these stories idealized caste of life
-They were glorified the knighthood and chivalry
-Also sons and poems about a knight's love were popular
Epic Poetry
-Feudal lords and their ladies really enjoyed listen to epic poems
-Poems often recounted a hero’s ded
-Retold storing of King Arthur and Charlemagne
-Troubadours were traveling poet musicians at the castles and courts of Europe
-composed short verses and songs about joys and sorrow
-love disappointments
-love sick
Women’s Roles in a Feudal Society
-Feudal society- a society in which peasants are given portions of land from the lord in exchange for variou duties
-Powerless, like most men
-have even less power than the men
-there are two separate types of women in the feudal system
Nobel Women
-They could inherit estate from her husband if he passed and if the lord allowed it
-they could send warriors to war
-During wars when themen were away they were left to defend the castle
-They would learn how to shoot a bow and arrow and throw rocks to defend the castle
-Most of the time they just did work around the house
-Lords would almost always pass land to sons and not daughters
Peasant Women
-their lives were basically just housework
-they women were uneducated
-they would work in the fields
-They only had a handful of jobs including having children, and taking care of the family
-The lives of women didn't really change for hundreds of years
Describe the live of knights?
What is Chivalry?
The Power of the Church
The church & Roman Empire: Ottos I allies with the Church
-Otto was crowned German king in 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962-973
-he formed a close relationship with the church and gained more power by getting support by the bishops
-defeated German princes following Charlemagne
-Invaded Italy in 962 and was rewarded with being crowned emperor
The Church and Roman Emper: signs of Future Conflicts
-The empire that otto created was called Roman Empire of the German Nation
-The Empire later became the holy Rome Empire
-Strongest Europe until 1100
-Otto's attempt of reviving charlemagne empire cause trouble with the future german leaders
Authority of The Church: - 300 years before Charlemagne
-Pope Gelasius I -realized that conflicts could happen between the pope and emperor
- “There are two powers by which this world is chiefly ruled: the sacred authority of the priesthood and the authority of kings”
-Gelasius wasy to solve the conflict:
-God made two swords
Religious -Pope
Political -Emperor
-Pope bows to emperor in political matters
-Emperor bows to people and religious matters
-if the two of them irrespective each other and kept their power in their own realm, they be in harmony
-They ended up competing for power
Authority of the Church: structure of the Church
-Like feudalism, the church was run their own way
-Power was based on Status
-Different Ranks of Clergy
-Pope- highest ranking - every fell under him
-Bishops -settles disputes over the
-Priests -main contact with church
Authority of the Church: religion as a unifying Force
-Feudalism and Manor system - divided people
-The Beliefs and teachings of Church - brought people together
-the Church
-Stable during a time of warfare and political confusion
-Christians felt safe
-Clergy administers the Sacraments
-A local village church
-Served as a religious and political center
-Festive celebrations of holidays
Authors of the Church : the law of the Church
-Church’s authority- religious and political
-System of Justice- guides the way people act
-Medieval Christians (Kings/ pheasants) were subject to Canon Law
-The church law when it comes to certain religious practices and Marriage
-The church had two courts - accuse people of violating the law
-Excommunication
-banish from church
-it has power over political leaders
-Interdict
-sacraments/ religious practices can’t be performed on King’s lands
-Then become “doomed to hell”
-Basically forced the emperor to bow down to the Pope in this case
The Emperor clashes with Pope: Showdown as Canossa
-The who issue strate with the practice of “lay investiture” which allowed kings and noblemen to appoint church officials Pope Gregory VII didn’t particularly like that setup, so he abolished it. In return, it infuriated Emperor Henry IV. Which then backfired on the People because he was forced out of his position by the bishops he didn’t appoint to their position
-The actual “showdown” start with Henry crossing the Alps to get to the tow of Canossa. Pope Gregory was staying as a guest at the castle in town and Henry wanted entry. For three entire days he decided it would be a good idea to wait outside.
-Now the pope was supposed to grant forgiveness of sin to anyone who asked graciously in his terms. So after those three days, Pope Gregory ended his excommunication, So Emperor Henry rushed home to punish nobles.
Concordat of Worms-
-concordat is an agreement of treaty. Especially one between the vatican and a secular government relating to matters of mutual interest
The Emperor clashes with Pope: concordat of Worms
-This whole process of “Lay investiture” stayed a thing all the way up until 1122. Or 50 years passed, generations died, and the emperor and pope were still at it. Only this time it was the successors. The representatives of the church and of the Emperor met in wums. And created the agreement know as “Concordat of worms”
-This basically means that the church alone could appoint a bishop, BUT the emperor could veto the appointment at any moment. During that same time period, princes regained power once lost under Otto’s control, and later king (Frederic the first) would continue this battle.
Frederick I
-He was born in 1122
-he was named king on march 4, 1152
-Nickname was Barbarossa “red beard”
-died June 10, 1190. He died while in the Third Crusade to the Holy Land
-The son of Duke Frederick II of Swabia
-For many years the peasants believed that Frederick was not really dead, but was asleep in a cave in the mountains of Germany, with his gallant knights around him
The name “Holy roman Empire”
-Frederick I was the first ruler to call his lands the “Holy Roman Empire”
-His forceful personality and military skills enabled him to dominate the Germans
-by 1177 Frederick made peace with the people and returned to Germany
-After he drowning in 1190 his empire fell to pieces
When Frederick left
-When Frederick left the country, disorder returned
-He kep invading the rich cities of italy
-Because of attacks spurred Italian merchants to unite against him.
-By 1176 foot soldiers of the lombard league faced Frederick’s army of mounted knights and the battle of legnano
-Italian used crossbows to defeat feudal knights for the first time in history
-German kings and also Frederick II continued their attempt to revive Charlemagne’s empire and his alliance with the church
-This police led to wars with Italian cities and more clashes with the pope
-German rulers controlled fewer royal lands to use as a base of power than French and English kings of the same period
-German kings after Frederick try to revive empire
-German Princes, who elect kings prefer to keep them weak
-Frederick made many promises. He promised not make peace with the Roman Commune. Arnold (he hanged) or the Normans without agreement of the pope
-Manuel of Byzantium was offering Frederick I a princess to be his wife. Manuel tried to convince him to fight with Norman kingdom. He refused to do so.
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