8/26/16
Chapter 1
What is World History? BC and AD
Study of the history of the world; Before Christ; anno Domini( Latin for “in the year of our Lord”)
How old is the Earth
4.6 billion years
Where were the oldest human fossils found?
Africa- specifically Tanzania and Ethiopia
Who found the oldest human fossil?
Louis and Mary Leakey, Donald Johanson, Recent Scientist.
What are some of the biggest achievements in world history?
Controlling fire
Wheel
tools /weapons
development of language
art
invention of boats(the sail)
65-250 million years ago dinosaurs were on the Earth
4 million years ago people started appearing
Louis and Mary Leakey
searched for hominid remains in Tanzania from the 1930's-1970's
hominids- the group consisting of all modern and extinct Great Apes(modern humans, chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans plus all their ancestors,
found human like fossils
Donald Johanson
discovered a 3.2 million-year-old fossil of a female human in Ethiopia in 1974
Homo-Sapiens
Neanderthals vs. Cro-Magnon vs. Modern
Agricultural/Neolithic Revolution
Prior to more organized agriculture, people were nomadic and hunted animals and gathered plants- hunters/ gatherer
They lived in groups of about 25-75 people
No one knows exactly how things changed but about 10,000 years ago people started more organized farming
Along with planting crops, people also domesticated animals such as horses, dogs, goats, and pigs.
As the temperature started increasing it made it possible for people to live
As time went on, people started setting up villages, which then, over time, turned into towns and then some into cities
As cities emerged, more complex ways of thinking and living emerged leading to civilization
As cities grew,social classes emerged
Ur was the first city
Civilization- advanced state of human society in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and government has been reached/ a highly advanced society
Five Traits of civilization
Advances cities
writing/record keeping
Specialized workers
Complex institutions
Advanced technology
What are natural Boundaries?
Why are defensible borders important for a civilization to thrive?
They don’t have to worry as much about outside invaders
What are some natural boundaries that would be helpful to an early civilization?
Water
Mountains
Forests
Dessert
Chapter 2
Arose in 4 separate river valleys around 3500 BC
Fertile soil, mild climate,waterway for transportation, water for crops and drinking
Provided for abundant crops and food surplus
Fertile Crescent- semicircle of fertile land from the mediterranean sea to the persian gulf
Mesopotamia-the ancient land between tigris and euphrates rivers
City State- state that its own government and consists of the city and land around it
Dynasty- series of rulers in the same family
Cultural diffusion- the spreading of ideas from one culture to another
Monotheism- belief in one god
Polytheism-Belief in many gods
Empire- group of territories or nations ruled by a single ruler
Delta- broad marshy area of land formed by deposition of silt where a river runs into a bigger body of water
King Narmer- King of Egypt that many believe united upper and lower egypt
Pharaoh- god-kings of Egypt- Seen as almost as powerful as the gods of heaven
Theocracy- government headed by religious leaders or a leader regarded as a god
Pyramid- huge structure where the Egyptian pharaohs are placed after they die
Mummification- process of persevering a body/ The processes of drying and embalming a corpse to prevent decay/ usually reserved for royalty and the rich
Hieroglyphics- Egyptian form of writing
Papyrus- what Egyptians wrote in. came from papyrus reeds found in marshy areas
Indian Subcontinent- the land mass that includes Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh
Monsoon- seasonal winds that can bring dry air or heavy rain- Huge impact on India
Mandate from Heaven- a just ruler that has approval from the gods/ An unjust ruler can lose their mandate to rule
Dynastic Cycle- the rise, fall, and replacement of dynasties
Feudalism- a political system in which the king gives land to nobles/lords and in return, they vow loyalty and military service to the king. Used in Japan, China, and Europe
Project Zhou(Joh)
Political- who control what? What type of government is it? Anything to do with laws or war. How/when did they came into power? How.when did they lose power?
Economic- what type of economy? How do people make a living? How were social classes made up
Geography- where is it does it have natural barriers is what is the land like
Social- Religion, education, art, entertainment, gender roles
Include any advances they made technology, politically
Babylonian Empire
Started 2000 BC
King under officials
The code of Hammurabi- eye for eye
King had the authority not religion
King, nobles, commoners, and slaves
10-50,000 people per city
Agricultural
Money- farming raising cattle and sheep
Seeder plow
Irrigation
Social Class
Awilu- upper class
Mushkenu- middle class
Parents sold their children
Man could sell family
Wardu-slaves
Most were prisoners of war
Some Mushkenu were reduced due to certain offenses
Geography
Natural barriers
Desserts
Seas
Social
Kings
Nobles
Free citizens
Military and Civil Service
Slaves
Religion
Mythology
Montheis
Many gods
Education
Writing on the scribes
Language
Switched
Marriage
Approved by parents
Women
property , business, witness
Men
Farmers, Authority
Adopted Children weren’t uncommon
Hamurabi
Witchcraft
Military services
Land
Business regulation
Family laws
Wages
Loans
Debts
Sumerian
Social classes
Upper classes
Ruling class and priests
Middle Class
Merchants, scribes, and artisans
Lower Class
Slaves and farmers
Economy
Trading
Weavers and potters sold items
Lived on the fertile crescent successful ag
Majority of city-state were considered lower, classes, made up of farmers
Art
Scupltures
A lot of clay
Marble, hammered gold
Complex art
Religious purposes
Paintings
The great Ziggurat- holy place
Entertainment
A lot music
harps
flutes
Sports
Wrestling
Board games
Jump rope
Tops
Education
Took place in temple
Mainly boys
Learned cuneiform
Writing
Mathematics
Religion
Very important
Polytheistic
Gods control everything
Keep the gods happy
Kept the city-state strong
Women
Could own property
Men dominated
Priestesses
Weavers
Singers
Men
King ruler
Rule makers
Farmers
Father's
Warriors
Building
Political
First people to settle in Mesopotamia
4000 BC started City-states
Priest Kings
War over water and land
Ur famous city
First Sumerian King
King of Kish
Man who stabilizes all the lands
Geography
Mesopatamia
Between tigris and euphrates
Marshes, planes one side
Dessert other side
Advances in
Cuneiforms
The wheel
Plow
Frying pan
Sail boat
mathematics - what is used today
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