Monday: Took notes over WWII
Tuesday: Took notes over WWII
Wednesday: Took notes over WWII
Thursday: Took notes over WWII
Friday: Took notes over WWII
WWII Notes:
- Germany in WWII
- Treaty of Versailles
- Territorial
- Lost land to:
- France
- Belgium
- Denmark
- Czechoslovakia
- Poland
- The League of nations also took control of Germany's overseas colonies
- Lost land to:
- Military
- Germany's army was reduced to 100,000 men; the army was not allowed tanks
- German was not allowed to have an air force
- Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval ships and ano submarines
- The Rhineland was made into a demilitarized zone (DMZ)
- Financial
- The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy
- Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in particular
- Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allied (GB/France)
- The loss of vital industrial territory would be a severe blow to Germany's economy
- General
- 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war. This was Clause 231- the infamous "War Guilt Clause."
- 2. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria
- 3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace
- Territorial
- German Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles
- There was anger throughout Germany when the terms were made public
- The Treaty was seen by many Germans as being forced on them and the Germans had no choice but to sign it
- Many in Germany did not want the Treaty signed
- German representatives in Paris knew that they had no choice as Germany was incapable of restarting the war again
- Many right wing groups such as the Nazis believed in the Dolchstoss Theory (Stab in the Back Theory)
- Blamed the "November Criminals" (the Weimar Republic) for accepting treaty
- Weimar Republic
- Appointed
- Chancellor (Head of Government) runs the country day to day and has to command a majority in the Reichstag
- Key Powers
- President (Election every 7 years)
- Appointed Judges, Commander in Chief of Armed Forces, Articles 48 allowed him to make laws without Parliament in an emergency
- Elected
- Public (all men and women over 20 were allowed to vote)
- Appointed
- Hitler as a Baby in Austria
- Born in 1889
- Fuhrer-Leader
- Beer hall Putsch- 1923
- Was sent and put on trial
- Hitler in Prison
- Had a sentence of 5 years
- Only served 9 months for good behavior
- Wrote a book
- Mein Kampf (My Struggle) Excerpts
- Hitler Rise to Powers
- Hitler is appointed Chancellor in 1933
- President Paul won Hindenburg dies shortly after and HItler dissolves the Weimar Republic
- Early Actions of Hitler:
- Drops out of the League of Nations
- Starts rearming Germany
- Rearms the German Rhineland area
- Munich Conference
- Neville Chamberlain-Great Britain
- Adolf Hitler-Germany
- Hitler was given the Sudetenland of Czechoslovakia
- HItler promised that he was done taking over territories
- Hitler wanted to re-unite all German speaking people
- Became know as the "Policy of Appeasement"
- Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
- Russia gave raw materials to Germany in exchange for money and weapons
- Both agreed to stay neutral if the other entered the war
- Secretly agreed to invade and split Poland. Germany would get the western half and USSR the eastern half
- Russia would get Finland, Estonia, and Latvia and Germany would get Lithuania
- How did the world react to this Pact?
- Shocked
- Poland was scared
- Hitler thought it would force Great Britain and France to back out of their promise to help Poland if attacked
- Blitzkrieg-Lighting War
- Goal was to achieve victory as quickly as possible
- Attack enemy front-line and rea positions, main roads, airfields, and communications center.
- Tank units breakthrough main lines of defense and advance deeper into enemy territory.
- Main force links up with other units encircling and cutting off the enemy
- The French Resistance
- General Charles DeGaulle
- The Maquis
- Sabotaged the Nazi Government when they took over France
- Result of Bombing
- In May, 1941, Germany decided to focus on attacking British ships and ports and thus stopped attacking cities
- British losses-around 40,000 civilians dead
- 46,000-139,000 injured
- German losses-3,363
- British won Germany never achieved their goals
- German Invasion of USSR-June. 1941
- Final Plan of Operation Barbarossa
- Battle for Moscow
- The Soviet Winter Counteroffensive
- December 6, 1941-April 30, 1942
- The Russian winter sets in and make is a huge turning point in the war
- The Soviet Winter Counteroffensive
- Battle of Stalingrad
- Winter of 1942-1943
- Worst battle in injuries, deaths, and casualties
- Around two million casualties
- Siege of Leningrad
- On August 30th, the Germans took over Leningrad's railroads, cutting them off from the rest of Russia and the world
- Unlike the Battle of Stalingrad, the Germans surround the city to starve the city into submission
- Between November 1941 and October 1942, 641,000 people died of starvation
- People resulted to eating rats, wallpaper paste and some resorted to cannibalism
- Finally, a successful Russian counter-offensive at Stalingrad, drained necessary resources the Germans needed to continue the blockade and eventually, it failed
- The Germans never took Leningrad, but it was one of the most costly conflicts Russia had ever faced- over one million died
- The North Africa Campaign- June. 1940- May 1943
- Italians needed help by the Germans
- Germany fought U.S.
- The Italian Campaign- Operation Avalanche- Europe's "Soft Underbelly"
- Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area- North Africa- November 1942 - May 1943
- George S. Patton leads American troops
- Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over 275,000 troops
- The Holocaust
- The genocide of approximately six million European Jews during WWII
- A program of systematic state-sponsored extermination by Nazi Germany throughout Nazi-occupied territory
- Approximately 2/3 of the population of 9 million Jews who had lived in Europe before the Holocaust died
- SOme say that the definition of the Holocaust should also include the Nazi's killing millions of people in other groups from Germany and other occupied territory
- By this definition, the total number of Holocaust victims would be between 11 million and 17 million people
- Who was inferior According to Hitler?
- Jews (6 million dead)
- Gypsies (500,000-1.5 million)
- Mentally/physically handicapped people (75,000 to 25,000)
- Soviet Slavs/POW's/Troops- (16.5 million) The Russian Academy of Science in 1995 reported civilian victims in the USSR, including Jews, at German hands totaled 13.7 million dead including 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory. German captors killed an estimated 2.8 million Soviet POWs through starvation, exposure, and
- What is the Aryan Race?
- Nazis used term to refer to a so-called master race that originated around Germany
- Perfect Aryan was blonde, blue-eyed, tall, muscular
- The original term refers to people of the
- Lebensborn-Fount of Life
- The program aimed to promote the growth of "superior" Aryan populations by providing excellent health care and living conditions to women and by restricting access to those deemed "fit"
- Houses were set up through Germany and many occupied territories
- Many Lebensborn children were born to unwed mothers which helped lead to many rumors of rape
- Contrary to widespread rumors, women were not forced to have relations of Aryan Germans
- Hitler's Jewish Question- 1933
- Nazis "temporarily" suspend civil liberties for all citizens in 1933-Never restored.
- The Nazis set up the first concentration camp at Dachau in 1933. The first inmates are 200 communists.
- Jews were prohibited from working as civil servants, doctors in the National Health Service, and teachers in public high schools.
- Most Jewish students are banned from public high schools and colleges
- Nuremberg Laws 1935
- Took away German citizenship from Jews thus making Jews second class citizens by removing their basic civil rights
- Established membership in the Jewish race as being anyone who either considered themselves Jewish or had 3 or 4 Jewish grandparents. People with 1 or 2 Jewish grandparents were considered to be mixed race.
- Eventually anyone with at least 1 Jewish grandparent was at risk in Nazi Germany
- Jews could only marry Jews
- No sexual relations between non-Jewish Germans and Jews
- 1936
- Nazis boycott Jewish-owned businesses
- Kristallnacht-1938 "Night of the Broken Glass"
- One the nights of November 9 and 10, 1938, the Nazis roamed through Jewish neighborhoods breaking windows of Jewish businesses and homes, burning synagogues and looting
- IN all 101 synagogues were destroyed and 1000 homes
- 1938-Cont.
- All Jewish children are expelled from public schools in Germany and Austria
- Nazis take control of Jewish-owned businesses.
- HItler's Final Solution
- Genocide
- 1939
- Hitler orders the systematic murder of the mentally and physically disabled in Germany and Austria
- Jews are required to wear armbands or yellow stars
- 1940
- Nazis begin deporting German Jews to Poland
- Jews are forced into ghettos
- Nazis begin the first mass murder of Jews in Poland
- 1941
- Jews throughout Eastern Europe are forced into ghettos
- In two days, Germans unites shoot 33,771 Ukrainian
- Treaty of Versailles
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