Week of April 17-21

[5Kara]

Monday- no school

Tuesday- 

World Explorers Presentations 

Juan Ponce de Leon

• Background
  • Born in Santervas, Spain in 1460
  • Came from a noble Spanish family
  • Well educated
  • Was taught several languages, physics, geometry, mathematics, and astronomy
  • Traveled the seas as a Privateer in the 1490s
  • Leonor was his wife
  • Isabel, Juana, Maria and Luis were his children
  • Died in Havana, Cuba in 1521
• First Voyage
  • He heard about Christopher Columbus and his voyage to the new world
  • In 1493, he volunteered to go along with Columbus
  • Stayed at the "New World" 
• Why He Started Exploring
  • Heard about Christopher Columbus' discoveries
  • Volunteered to go along with Columbus in 1493
  • Heard Borinquen (city) had gold
  • Wanted to find the Fountain of Youth
• Who He Sailed For
  • Christopher Columbus
  • King Ferdinand II of Aragon
  • (Spain)
• What He Found/Accomplished
  • First governor of Borinquen (now Puerto Rico)
  • Known as the first European to land in Florida
  • Governor of Higuey (now in the Dominican Republic) 
• Where He Explored
  • Higuey
  • Borinquen
  • Bimini 
• Were His Voyages Considered Successful?
  • Yes
  • Discovered Hispaniola and then later discovered Florida
  • Became governor of Borinquen and Higuey 

Bartolomeu Dias

• Background
  • Nationality- Portuguese
  • Lifespan- 1457-1500
  • Family- Noble Portuguese Family
  • Portuguese Explorer
  • Nothing is known about him before 1487
• Who He Sailed For
  • Portugal
  • Joao II King of Portugal
• Why He Started Exploring
  • Joao was entranced by the legend of Prester John
  • Prester John was a legendary Christian Patriarch and King
  • Joao also wanted a way around the southernmost point of Africa, so he sponsored Dias in an African expedition
  • Joao wanted to find Prester John 
• First Voyage
  • He started in August of 1487 in Lisbon, Portugal
  • In late January, 1488, they unknowingly rounded the Cape of Good Hope
  • In early February, 1488, they arrived at present-day Mossel Bay
  • On March 12, 1488, they turned around due to low food supplies 
• What He Found/Accomplished
  • He sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488, reaching the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic, the first European known to have done so
  • On his return voyage, he discovered what he called of the Cape of Storms, which was later called the Cape of Good Hope by Joao
  • He went the farther of Portuguese Explorers until Vasco da Gama
  • Discovered that Portugal could trade directly with India 
• Second Voyage
  • Dias helped in the construction of San Gabriel and the San Rafael which were ships that were used by Vasco Da Gama
  • Dias participated in Vasco Da Gama's voyage until the Cape Verde Islands
• Third Voyage
  • He later was one of the captains of the second Indian expedition, headed by Pedro Cabral
  • In May of 1500 during the expedition, 4 ships were wrecked, including Dias', with all the crew lost at sea 

Christopher Columbus 

• Background
  • Lifespan- 1451-1506
  • Born and raised in Genoa, Italy
  • Died May 20, 1506 from congestive heart failure
  • Married Filipa Moniz Perestrelo 
• Why He Started Exploring
  • He was hoping to find a route to India so he could trade for spices
  • He made a total of four trips to the Caribbean and South America during the years 1492-1504
• Where He Explored
  • Wasn't the first to discover America (Native Americans, Vikings) 
  • Rediscovered America for Europeans
  • Took four trips
  • Landed on various Caribbean Islands that are now the Bahamas as well as the island later called Hispaniola
  • Also explored Central and South American coasts 
• Greatest Achievement
  • First person from Europe to discover North America
  • His original was that he could sail west from Europe in order to reach Eastern Asia
  • Realized he stumbled upon the large land mass now known as North American. This new discovered land led into colonization 
• Consequences of His Voyages
  • Many of the people died from disease that was brought by the Europeans
  • This is the main impact why the voyages are short term because people get very sick and die
  • Columbus' voyages led to the domination of the area from Mexico south to Peru by the Spanish. This resulted in the destruction of the major native civilizations like the Incas and the Aztecs 
• Facts
  • Explorer and navigator
  • When he was 13 years old, he went on sea for the first time
  • Mother: Susanna Fontanarossa
  • Father: Domenico Colombo 

Wednesday-

World Explorers Presentations 

Marco Polo

• Background
  • Born on September 15, 1254 in Venice, Italy
  • Died on January 8, 1324 in Venice, Italy
  • Children: Fantine, Ballela, and Moretta
  • Parents: Niccolo Polo and Nicole Anna Defuseh 
  • Occupation: Merchant
  • Nationality: Venetian
• Why He Started Exploring
  • Wanted to continue in his father's and uncle's footsteps
• Who He Explored For
  • China 
• What He Found/Accomplished
  • He accomplished great wealth and complex social structure 
• Consequences of His Voyage
  • Captured during the Venetian-Genoese War 

Thursday-

World Explorers Presentations

Captain James Cook 

• Who Was He?
  • Born November 7, 1728 in Marton, Yorkshire, Great Britain
  • Captain of the Royal Navy
  • Explorer and Navigator
  • Made detailed maps of Newfoundland (cartographer)
  • Three voyages to the Pacific
• Navy Career
  • Joined the merchant navy as a teenager
  • Joined the Royal Navy in 1755
  • Saw action in the Seven Years War
  • Mapped and surveyed the Saint Lawrence River during the Siege of Quebec
  • In 1766, he became the commander of the Royal Navy 
• First Voyage
  • 1768-1771
  • Left on August 26, 1768 from England
  • Reached Tahiti on April 13, 1769
  • Their purpose was to locate and go along the Venus Transit 
  • On April 19, 1770, he went to Australia
  • Saw natives and built a British colony
  • Landed at the Kurnell Peninsula on April 29
  • First contact with Gweagal people
  • On June 11, their trip home was delayed 7 weeks due to damages to the Endeavor 
  • First Europeans in Australia 
• Second Voyage
  • 1772-1775
  • Circumnavigate the globe at a southern latitude
  • Antarctic Circle 
  • Never discovered Antarctica 
  • Discovered Friendly Islands, Easter Islands, Norfolk Islands, New Caledonia, and Vanuatu 
• Third Voyage
  • 1776-1780
  • Drop off Omai (guide from the second voyage) in Tahiti and find a northwest passage
  • First contact with Hawaiian Islands
  • Charted most of North America and Bering Strait 
  • Docked in Oregon
  • Traveled up to Alaska and the Siberian Coast
  • Couldn't cross the Bering Strait because it was blocked by islands
  • Forced to return to the Sandwich Islands (Hawaii)
• Return to Hawaii
  • 1779
  • Landed in Kealakekua Bay during Makahiki (festival for God Lono)
  • Cook was thought of as a God by the people there 
• Death
  • February 14, 1779
  • Returned to Kealakekua Bay 
  • Tensions between Hawaiian tribes
  • Cook attempted to and kidnapped the King of Hawaii
  • Cook got stabbed and died along with four others before they could get away with the kidnapping
• Aftermath
  • Clerke now became the captain
  • Crossed the Bering Strait
  • Clerke died of tuberculosis in August of 1779
  • John Gore took command
  • Reached England in October of 1780 

Friday-

Chapter 18/19 Notes (continued) 

• The Pioneering Portuguese 
  • Why Did Portugal Start the Process of Exploration?
    • 1. On the ocean and close to Africa
      • Africa provided gold, ivory, and eventually slaves 
    • 2. Had a government that was very supportive of exploration 
    • 3. The King's son, Prince Henry (the navigator), financed 14 "explorations" along the coast of Africa 
• Spain Also Makes a Claim 
  • In 1492, Italian Christopher Columbus convinced the King of Spain to finance a voyage to Asia by going east instead of around Africa
  • Later that year he landed on islands in the Caribbean, thinking he landed in the East Indies in Asia 
• Spain v. Portugal
  • Portugal had assumed that Columbus reached Asia
  • They believed that Spain was trying to claim lands that should be Portugal's
  • In 1493, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep peace between the two nations 
  • The Pope announced the Line of Demarcation which said all lands east of the line would be Spain's and all lands west would be Portugal's
  • A year later, after Portugal complained, the line was moved further west with the Treaty of Tordesillas 
• European Countries Desire for Asia
  • Portugal led the European voyages to Asia
  • In 1509, Portugal defeated a Muslim fleet off the coast of India which allowed Portugal to start dominating the area 
  • By defeating the Muslims, Europeans no longer relied on the Italians for Asian goods 
  • Portuguese merchants brought back goods from Asia at about one-fifth of what they cost when purchased through the Arabs and Italians 
  • Portugal eventually moved past India to what is now Malaysia and the Spice Islands 
    • The Spice Islands became known for being the largest producers of mace, nutmeg, cloves, and pepper in the world 
  • As early as 1521, a Spanish expedition led by Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines
    • Spain claimed the islands and began settling them in 1565
• British East India Company (East India Company)
  • Lost the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia today) to the Dutch and then focused on India
  • The company rose to account for half of the world's trade, particularly in cotton, silk, indigo dye, salt, saltpeter, tea, and opium
  • Lasted from 1600-1874
• The Dutch East India Company
  • The Dutch East India Company (VOC) lasted from 1602-1799
  • The VOC is considered to be the world's first truly transnational corporation and the first company in history to actually issue bonds and shares of stock to the general public