Monday-
World Explorers Presentations
Ferdinand Magellan
- Background
- Born in 480 in Porto or Sabrosa, Portugal
- Passed away April 27, 1521 in Mactan, Philippines
- Son of Rui de Magalhases
- Father was a member of Portuguese nobility
- He studied map making and navigation as a child
- At age 10, he became a Paige for a queen
- Why He Started Exploring
- Studied cartography, astronomy, and celestial navigation
- Who He Sailed For
- Sailed for Portugal from 1505-1513
- Sailed for Spain from 1519-1521
- Where He Explored
- Portuguese Sailing
- He sailed to East Africa
- Battle of Dui- 1509
- Explored Malacca and conquered their port
- Sailed to the Spice Islands
- Spain Exploration
- Used circumnavigation to get a faster route to the Spice Islands across the Atlantic Ocean, around South America, and across the Pacific
- King Charles sent him with 5 ships
- Left September 20, 1519
- Portuguese Sailing
- What He Found/Accomplished
- He found that by going through Magellan's Strait you could reach the Spice Islands
- Considered to be the first person to circumnavigate the globe
- Consequences of His Voyages
- Died in a war with Philippine tribes
- Lost lots of his crew and boats due to wrecks, famine, and sickness
Henry Hudson
- Early Life
- Very little is known about his early life
- Studied navigation as a child
- Born in 1565 and died after June 22, 1611
- First Voyage
- Made his first voyage in 1607
- He was hired to find a shorter route from Europe to Asia through the Arctic Ocean
- Due to the ice, he attempted this voyage 3 times
- Second Voyage
- Started in London
- Sailed for the British East India Company
- Ended up in Baffin Island near Canada
- Interesting Facts
- It is believed he attended Harvard
- On his first voyage, ice flow made him return to England
- His crew turned on him in Hudson Bay and forced him to leave on a small boat, where he later died
- Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, and Hudson River are named after him
Walter Raleigh
- Early Life
- Born in 1552
- When he was young, he lived in a farmhouse near the village of East Budleigh in Devon, England
- Wast the youngest of 5 children
- He lived during the reigns of Elizabeth I and James I
- He lived under persecution by Elizabeth I because he was a devout Protestant
- Because of this, he grew up hating Roman Catholicism
- He left England at the age of 17 to go fight for the French Protestants in the "Wars of Religion"
- French War of Religion
- The main combatants were Protestant French and Catholics
- There were 7 wars that lasted over a total of 36 years
- Over 3 million people died
Tuesday-
World Explorer Presentations
Walter Raleigh (continued)
- Education
- In 1572, he attended Oriel College, Oxford, and studied law at the Middle Temple Law College
- During his time in college, he became interested in writing poetry and it would become his passion
- Travel
- In 1578, Walter left with his half brother, Sir Humphrey Gilbert on his first real voyage
- Their goal was to find the Northwest Passage
- They never found the passage, the mission degenerated into privateering foray against Spanish shipping
- He was put in jail for doing so
- Later Life
- Between 1579 and 1583, Raleigh found in the service for Queen Elizabeth I in Ireland
- His victories and ruthlessness at the Siege of Smerwick and establishing English and Scottish Protestants in Munster, Ireland made him a favorite of Elizabeth
- Colonization
- Walter was an early supporter of colonization and wanted to start a colony in North America
- Even though he was legally allowed to, Elizabeth forbid him to leave her service
- Between 1585 and 1588 he made many trips to establish a colony near Roanoke, on the coast of what is now North Carolina
- He would have called it Virginia in honor or the virgin queen, Elizabeth
- Many delays, quarrels, disorganization, and hostile Indians forced some of the colonists to eventually return to England
- The settlers did bring back potatoes and tobacco which were unknown in Europe at the time
- A second voyage was sent in 1590 but they didn't find any trace of the colony
- The settlement is now remembered as the "Lost Colony of Roanoke Island"
- Fall of Grace
- Walter became one of Elizabeth's non-favorites when he married one of Elizabeth's maids-of-honor in 1592
- In him doing so, she was put into a jealous rage and the couple were briefly imprisoned in the Tower of London
- Once he was released, he wanted to be one of her favorites again so he set out on a voyage to look for the "land of gold," but the voyage was a failure
- They only found a little hold, be he was reinstated with the queen with the help of 2 subsequent forays
- End of Life
- At this time, King James I was now the leader
- Walter's action with the Spanish early on in life didn't sit well with the King
- Raleigh's enemies were quick to taint his reputation with the new King
- Because of this, he was charged with treason and condemned to death
- But, the sentence was commuted to imprisonment in the Tower in 1603
- Walter and his life lived in the Tower of London and he even wrote his history of the world in 1614
- The King released him in 1616 to go look for gold in South America
- While he was there, he invaded and pillaged Spanish territory and was forced back to England
- Because of his actions, he was arrested and his original death sentence for treason was invoked, and he was executed at Westminster on October 29, 1618
Francisco Vazquez de Coronado
- Background
- Born in 1510 in Spain
- Traveled to New Spain (Mexico) when he was 25
- Married 12 year old Beatriz de Estrada and had 8 kids
- Who He Explored For
- Spain
- Viceroy of New Spain, Antonia de Mendoza
- Why He Explored
- He sent two men to the North to New Mexico
- They returned after encountering Zuni native and with tales of a large city made of gold called Cibola
- Where He Explored
- The American Southwest
- What He Found/Accomplished
- They traveled farther North than any Europeans before
- Found Cibola, however, it wasn't made of gold but instead of pueblos
- Among the first group of Europeans to see the Grand Canyon
- What He Found
- Arrived at Cibola starving
- Had to force their entry
- Learned of a great river to the West
- Thought they might use it to get supplies from their fleet
- Couldn't use the river (The Colorado River), so they went East along the Rio Grande
- Stayed in a village they stole from Tiguex natives during winter, caused a war that killed hundreds of natives
- A man told Coronado about Quivira, to the East
- He met the Apaches and was told to travel North to Quivira
- He sent most of his expedition back to New Mexico
- He changed his mission from a conquest to a reconnaissance
- They traveled far into the great plains and made it all the way to where Dodge City, Kansas would be today
- After this, he returned to Spain in 1542
- Consequences of His Voyages
- The Pueblo Indians suffered greatly because of Coronado attacking them and demanding food and shelter from them
- He didn't find any wealth and the Spanish didn't return for 39 years
- His exploration was not considered to be successful
Wednesday-
World Explorer Presentations
Hernan Cortes
- Background
- Born in 1485 in Crown of Castile
- Died on December 2, 1547 in Castilleja de la Cuesta
- Nationality: Spanish
- Spouse: Catalina Suarez Marcaida
- Kids: Marin Cortes and Leonor Cortes
- What Did He Do?
- When he was 19, he began sailing to the Americas with a family aquaintance known as Nicolas de Ovando y Caceres
- The brand new ship was commanded by a man known as Alonso Quintero
- The ship members all sailed to Hispaniola where Cortes (now Dominican Republic and Haiti) then became a citizen and farmer
- Discoveries
- Hernan was in charge of exploring the interior of Mexico for the colonization of the Spanish
- He was told he no longer had to charter sail but he did anyways and ended up having 13 ships, 500 men, 13 horses, and a lot of cannons
- In 1519, he claimed land for the Spanish Empire
- As he went through the land, he hired more men and got more horses- making his army larger
- He ended up winning a battle against Native Americans in Tabasco
- He didn't discover Mexico but he lead the destruction of the Aztec Empire and claimed certain parts of it for the Spanish Empire
Sebastian Cabot
- Background
- His father was John Cabot
- He was born in 1476 in Bristol Gloucestershire
- Died in 1557 in London
- He was a cartographer
- Why He Started Exploring
- He made a voyage to North America with his father
- Who He Sailed For
- He was a cartographer to King Henry VIII in 1512
- Where He Explored
- In 1525, he explored Rio de la Plata
- He took three ships
- He was banned to Africa because he didn't find any riches
- What He Found
- Parana and Paraguay Rivers
- Sancti Spiritus (town)
- In 1527, they found some silver
Sir Francis Drake
- Background
- Born: Travistock, United Kingdom (1540)
- Died: January 27, 1596
- Nickname: El Draque (Spanish), Draco (Latin)
- He was a pirate, illicit slave trader, navigator, politician, and privateer
- He explored South America in 1577
- Consequences of Him and His Voyages
- Spanish Armada was destroyed
- Spanish treasures were stolen
- Looked at as a pirate
- Information
- Cirumnavigated the globe from 1577-1580
- Helped defeat the Spanish Armada in 1588
- Known as the most renowned seaman of the Elizabethan Era
- King Phillip II was tired of Drake ruining his ships so he set out $2.3 million to whoever could find and kill him. No one found and killed him
- In 1557, he was sent on a secret mission to South America
- In 1581, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth I
- In 1582, he traveled to Florida from England
- In 1585, he picked up some people from Roanoke Island
Thursday- no school
Friday- no school
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