Monday (11-14-16)- Mr. Bruns continues to talk about chapter 7
Angel Island- most people had forgotten about the island because it involved people that weren't cared about by others because of their skin color or whatever.
Step 4- Beyond Ellis Island
AS they left Ellis island, the next stop was the Money Exchange
Cashiers exchanged paper money, from countries all over Europe, for american dollars.
Then it was off to New York City or the railroad ticket office to go anywhere in the country that they wanted.
A lot of Germans
Why were immigrants disliked in the US in the late 1800's/early 1900's?
Took jobs
Kept wages Low
Different Culture
Racism
Chinese Exclusion Act- 1882 - Trying to keep people out.
Banned all Chinese immigration to the US from 1882-1902
Why ban Chinese Immigrants?- Took jobs and again racism.
Cartoon- Uncle Sam trying to force the Chinese out of china. West Coast Issue.
Cartoon #2- We are not going to accept Chinese we are open to all people but no the Chinese.
Gentleman's Agreement-1907- Not official Law
Informal agreement between the US and Japan
The US would not restrict Japanese immigration and Japan would not allow further immigration's to the US
The goal was to reduce tensions between the US and Japan
What was the tension?-Segregation in San Francisco schools. Japan was becoming a major power (a world super power in 1910) they were an Allie of ours.
Cartoon- Teddy Roosevelt- Was not happy with the San Francisco government it is the most liberal city. It is open to everyone. But this was not the case here. Teddy was trying to end the segregation he wanted to work with Japan.- did most positive things
Chapter 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?
What did people/ organizations do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
Why did cities grow so fast?
Immigrants
Farmers moved to the city
African- Americans moved to the cities (Called the great migration)
Cities offered more jobs and opportunities
Cities offered more entertainment
Problems in the city
Cramped, old, dirty housing- tenements (Solution- Cities put restrictions on building wood-frame structures in the center of the city to reduce fires. Cities encourages the construction of lower-income dwelling on the city outskirts- didn't work well. The tenement house Act of 1867 defined a tenement for the first time and set consturictin regulation. Among these were the requirements of one toilet per 20 people).
Lack of good transportation- Horses were transportation they left poop and manor everywhere. (Solution- Electric Streetcars late 1800's, early 1900's. Automobiles - there were 300 cares in the US in 1895, 78,000 in 1905, 459,000 in 1910 and 1.7 million in 1914. Subways- New York City 1904. Airplanes 1903- Wright brothers). 1900 Bradley Gasoline runabout. 1903 ford Model A. William Harley and Arthur Davidson 1914 motorcycles. Bus in 1925. US Airplane in WWI- 1918.
Lack of safe drinking water- They would throw their garbage into the river so the water wasn't good. (Solution- IN late 1800's, scientist had proven that diseases were spread through unsafe drinking water. In early 1900's, chlorine was added to the water to help eliminate disease. Federal regulation of drinking water quality began in 11914 which continued to strengthen over the decades.
Disease was common/ Streets where filthy(Solutions- Horses were replaced, elimination the manure problem. Added chlorine to water. Introduction of indoor plumbing. George A. Waring Jr- New York City 1895. Organized modern recycling, street sweeping and garbage collection. Early 1900's Garbage Collection leave your garbage outside your house and George's people would get rid of it for us.
Crime- Poverty, lack of good lighting, different groups (Solutions: Organized Police Force. Police became full time employees of the city-not volunteers. In 1838- Boston established the first American police force. New York 1845. Chicago 1851. By the 1880's all major US cities had municipal police forces in place. 1911- Fingerprints are first accepted by US courts as a reliable means of identification Teddy Roosevelt was the NYPD chief in 1895 and they got around by bikes and horses.
Fires- No organized fire fighters. Fires ended up killing like 80% (Solution- Better building codes. Sprinkler systems in. Steel. Full time, paid firefighters. In 1853, Cincinnati became the first full-time, paid fire fighters in the US
Poverty due to low pay at work- (Solution- Labor Unions, minimum wage laws, shorter hours, child labor laws).
Jacob Riis- "How the Other Half Lives"
Muck racker- They rack the muck of society- Expose the problems and photograph what people lived in. He would then show these to rich people and they would be like "whoa"
Tuesday (11-15-16)- Mr. Bruns continues to present (My notes continue on Mondays notes finishing solutions for their problems.
Churches, red cross, and the wealthy people took care of the poor people.
Dumping Garage in New York Harbor- Late 1800s- either threw their garbage out their windows, got pigs and brought them in to eat the garbage, or they would dump it in the river.
Tenement House Law-1901
Outlawed the construction of new tenements of 25-foot lots and mandated improved sanitary condition, fire escapes and access to light. Current tenement were updated and more than 200,000 new apartments were built over the next 15 years.
Most tenements were destroyed in the 1920's and especially in the 1930's with FDR's New Deal. The first fully government built public housing project open in New York City in 1936
Wednesday (11/16/16)- Continue on chapter 7
Continued my notes above writing down solutions to some problems in the city.
7.3 Key Questions
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
Explain Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
What caused all the corruption in government?
What laws came about to reform government?
Were they a reform president or status quo president?
The Gilded Age- 1870's-1900
Gilded- To be covered with gold.
Cartoon- If you were on the outside and you were looking into the US you think we are doing so well but if you peel back the first wall we weren't doing so great. The outside looking in looked like we were doing so good but once you peeled back that first layer you could see the struggle.
Political Machine- A political organization, usually controlled by a single "boss", that controlled votes an had administrative control of a city, county, or state. These organizations provided social services and jobs for people (recent immigrants) in exchange for votes. Very corrupt. Came about due to the rapid increase of populations in cities and poor government in 1800's. Died out in the early 1900's.
Cartoon- Boss counts the votes so they are insuring that their party succeeds. Political machines control the activities of political parties in the city.
City Boss- controlled everyone e (1 person)
Ward Boss- they would be controlling the people below them.
Workers and Captains- majority of people.
Cartoon- The center was the boss and everything rotated around the boss was everything about protecting the party and making as much money as possible.
There was a lot of corruption in the government. Kickback system (We are going to overcharge tax payers at any level and we are going to pocket money and kick it back to workers, police officers, lawyers, judges to keep them quiet). Granting favors to big business.
Cartoon- A politician gets elected and they are throwing out jobs known as the spoil system.Political boss hired/ fired police. You win you get to do anything you want. This was for their own personal gain not for the betterment of the country but for the betterment of their pockets.
Boss William Marcy Tweed- Was the boss of the Democratic political machine in NYC. The building Tweed worked in was Tammy Hall. He wasn't the government but he still took over NYC.
Cartoon- Its all about making money. They were smart.
Cartoon- This guy is like a vulture and picking NYC apart and drinking it bone dry and just killing it.
Cartoon- They are all blaming the next person and it was hard for the police to figure out who it was so they blamed it on the many workers.
Reforming Government
Causes for corruption- The spoils System/ Patronage caused a lot of the problems. Dishonest people. Lack of accountability.
Cartoon- Everyone wants a piece of the government cake. This man was elected and they all want a piece of his government cake to get a government job.
Pendleton Civil Service Act- 1883- Required most government jobs to be given through a metric system based on test scores. 1883: 14,000/ 117,000 governments jobs required tests. 1900: 100,000/200,00 government jobs required test.
Thursday (11-17-16)- Continue on chapter 7
Good presidents also brought change.
President Grant- President Wilson- did most positive things.
1869-1921
Reform president or status quo president.
Rutherford B. Hayes- Reformer. 19th president. republican
James Garfield- Shot and killed and republican. 20th president. He should have lived.
Chester Arthur - Republican. The VP of Garfield when he was shot. 21st president.
Grover Cleveland-Democrat. 22nd president.- He was shot and the doctors. Charles Guito. Served 2 years.
Benjamin Harrison- 23rd president. Republican 1 term.
Teddy Roosevelt
Woodrow Wilson- Democrat
Status Quo Presidents
Ulysses S. Grant- General for the North- Republican- 18th President- Worst presidents. Didn't get a whole lot of stuff done.
William McKinley- 25th president- republican.- He was shot while shaking hands with someone.
William Howard Taft- member of the supreme court- republican 27th president.- Largest president.
CH 8.1- What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?
CH 8.2- How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
CH 8.3- What laws and restrictions were pit on African American and other minorities and Reconstruction ended. Explain the significance of PLessy v Ferguson
CH 8.4- Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's
Friday (11-18-16)- Mr. Bruns continues to present.
Advances of Technologies
Skyscrapers- flatiron Building- 1902 (Impact- you save space)
Electric Streetcars- (Everyone didn't have cars more transportation space)
Subways-1904- (Transportation Speed)
Cash Register- 1879 (revolutionized shops)
Automatic Dishwasher- 1889 (Keeping the house more clean)
Vacuum Cleaner- 1899 (House clean)
Airplane-1903 (Faster transportation)
Kodak Camera-1888 (Documenting family's)
Automobile- Late 1800;s (Transportation)
Light Bulb- 1879- (Helped light up homes and business and let people work during the night)
Telephone- 1876- (Helped with communication)
Typewriter-1867- (Helped document things for business)
Radio- 1895 (Sports and music)
Toilet Paper-1857 (yeahhhh...)
Expanding Public Education
Before the mid 1800's, education was for the wealthy
Most states had public schools by 1865
But many school-aged children still received no formal education- worked in factories instead
Between- 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks annually of school
Classes focused on the "3 R's" reading, ritng, and rithmetic.
Memorization and recitation was very common.
Why did "the lecture" become a common strategy for teachers?
How is our school system set up like a factory during the Industrial Revolution?- Every few minutes we get a little of everything and it was set up like the Industrial System. You get this and this and this every single day.
-The bells
- Assembly Line- Students are tested and if they pass, move to the next part of the assembly line.
-Schools were/are "one size fits all" and prepared students to work in factories upon finishing school.
African Americans and Immigrants EDU
African Americans were mostly excluded from public schools or had to attend segregated schools.
In 1910 3% of African Americans between the ages 15-19 attended H.S.
Immigrants were encouraged to go to school.
Most European immigrants families sent their children to the free public schools.
Children learned English and became "Americanized".
Religion in School
Public schools had mandatory readings from the Protestant Bible
Many Catholic families were concerned
Catholic communities set up parochial schools to give their children a Catholic Education.
Parochial School: A School supported by a church parish.
Higher Education
What is Higher Education?
From 1880-1920, college enrollments quadrupled.
High School diploma and entrance exam's were used in admittance purposes
Merrill Act- 1862- Iowa State 1858
Drake 1881
Iowa-1847
UNI-1876
Segregation
Literacy Test- A test if you could speak designed to eliminate African Americans from voting and poor whites from voting.
Poll Tax- In order to vote they had to pay a tax- Designed to keep blacks from voting.
Grandfather Clause (1-1-1867)- If you grandfather could vote before that date you could vote. We don't want black people to vote but we want poor white people to vote.
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