Week 3/28 - 4/1

[1Abie]

Monday - No school 

Tuesday - watched a video on Italy 

Italy's WWII story 1919 - 1945

Mussolini  

• News paper guy. 
• Mom is Catholic.
• Dad is atheist.
• Later take on his dad atheist.
• Stabbed a kid when he was younger.
• Worked on getting into teaching.

• Italy was very displeased with the treaty of Versailles.
  • Wanted to get more land than they got.
• Italy joined the League of Nation and was a member from 1919 until they withdrew in 1937.

5 power pact

• Designed to prevent an arm's force.
• It limited the construction of battleships, battle cruiser and aircraft carriers.
• Did not restrict cruisers, destroyers or submarines.

9 power  pact 

• Guaranteed Chinese independence and upheld the Open Door Policy.

Kellogg-Briand pact 

• Countries pledged not to use war as a way to settle disputes.

March on Rome

• A march by Benito Mussolini's national Fascist Party.
• Mussolini and the Fascists won and took over Italy.

King Victor 

• Did not fight Mussolini's take over in Italy.
• Wanted to avoid a civil war and also wanted to keep communists out of Italy.

Established Fascism In Italy 

• A goverment led by a strong dictator.
• Stresses strong nationalism, militarism and Imperialism.
• Uses intimidation to get what they want.

Ethiopia Invaded by Mussolini 

• Italy lost its Ethiopia colony in Africa at the 1896 Battle of Adua.
• One of the worst colonial disasters of modern history.
• Feb. 23, 1935, Italy sends large forces into Ethiopia.
• November 18, 1935, League of Nations sanctions begin.
  • Arms embargo, financial embargo, non-importation of Italian goods.
• Feb. 29, 1936 FDR signed the 1936 Neutrality act.
  • Mandatory arms embargo with warring nation. 
  • Mandatory ban on loans to warring nations.
• May 5 - Italy occupied Addis Ababa - annexed all Ethiopia on May 9th.

Tuesday - Finishing Italy and move on to Japan 

Goals

• Make a new Roman Empire. 
• Make the Mediterranean an "Italian Lake".
• Take over northern African colonies of Britain and France-especially Egypt.
• Take over southeastern Europe - Greece and Albania.
• Take over parts of the Middle East.

Why did Italy Lose

• Italy was not prepared militarily to fight a prolonged war.
  • Germany had to constantly bail Italy out.
• Italian troops where spread to thin-Africa, Mediterranean, Albania, Greece, Soviet union, France, Battle of Britain. 
• The people of Italy were not prepared to fight or motivated to fight. they where forced to fight. 
• Overall, Italy was just a weak country.

Impact 

• 410,000 dead --> 330,00 Military deaths.
• Spent $94 billion.
• Italy had joined the Allies by 1943 so they big concern for the US was making sure Italy became a democracy after the war and not fall to communism.
• US gave millions for dollars to Italy (Marshall Plan) to help rebuild after the war.
• Become a member of NATO in 1949.
• Become a member of the United Nations in 1955.

Japan 

Earthquake 

• September 1, 1923
• Killed 140,000 people

 Thursday 

• Areas controlled by Japan during WWII
  • Several regions in China 1938-1945.
  • French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) - July, 15 1940-August, 29 1945.
  • Hong Kong (UK)- December 12, 1940- August 15, 1945.
  • Thailand- as an allied state although induced- December 8, 1941- August 15, 1941.
  • British New Guinea- December 27, 1941- September 15, 1945.
  • Philippines (USA)- January 2, 1942- November 27, 1944.
  • Guam (USA)- January 6, 1942- October 21, 1945.
  • Dutch East Indies- January 18, 1942- October 21.
• Areas Attacked but Not Conquered
  • Air raids on Australia:
    • Broome (Western Australia).
    • Darwin (Norther Territory, Australia).
    • Newcastle (New South Wales, Australia).
    • Sydney (New South Wales, Australia).
  • British Columbia (Canada).
  • Kohima and Manipur (India).
• Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
  • The League of Nations condemned the action but could not enforces its authority as it had no military force.
  • The message sent to aggressive countries was that a major power could get away with using force because Great Britain and France did not want war.
  • Japan dropped out of the League of Nations shortly after invasion.
• Rape of Nanking- Late 1937- Early 1938
  • A mass killing of Chinese people (300,000).
  • Mass raping of Chinese women and girls.
  • Mass looting and arson.
  • Some in Japan have denied that the military killed civilians for no reason.
  • Still causes tensions between the two countries today.
  • There were war crimes trial after the war to try Japanese soldiers for participation.
• Soviet- Japanese Neutrality pact
  • The USSR and Japan signed an agreement to not fight one another in April, 1941.
  • Japan considered breaking this once Germany (their ally) invaded the USSR in June, 1941, but did not.
  • The USSR broke this treaty when they declared war on Japan in August 9, 1945.

Friday 

Japan in the 1920's 

• Joined the League of Nations.
• Signed the 4, 5, and 9 power pacts.
  • 4 power pact - US, GB, France and Japan would respect each others possessions in the Pacific.
  • 5 power pact - US, GB, France, Italy and Japan would limit naval size.
  • 9 power pact - US, GB, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal and China agree to the Open Door Policy and guarantee Chinese independence.
• Signed the Kellogg - Briand pact

Japanese Leader 

• Hideki Tojo 
• Emperor Hirohito 

Why did Japan attack Pearl Harbor 

• After Japan invaded French Indochina in 1940, US stopped trading with Japan.
• Japan signed the Soviet - Japanese Neutrality pact in April, 1941 guaranteeing that Japan and USSR would not go to war. 
• Japan realized they needed US trade to be successful in war. 
• Only way to force US' hand was to hot them hard in a surprise attack forcing them out of the war.
• Japan knew that this plan was a huge risk, but thought it was the only way to defeat US. 
• Plan backfired. Instead, Japan "awoke a sleeping giant"

Summer 1945 - Preparing for the Invasion of ajpan

• Operation Downfall.
• Planned for October 1945.
• Estimated to have over 1 million casualties. 
• Estimated to have 267,000 deaths.

Hiroshima Bombing 

• "little boy"

Nagasaki Bombing 

• "fat man"
• "Bockscar"

VJ day 

• August 14/15, 1945 
• September 2, 1945 
  • When Japan officially signed on USS Missouri.

Potsdam Conference - July, 1945 

• On July 26, the United States, Great Britain, and China issued the Potsdam Declaration 
• Announced the terms for Japan's surrender 
• "We will not deviate from them. There are no alternatives". 
• Dismantle the current goverment of japan.
• the allies (US) will occupy japan.
• Japanese military forces will be disarmed and allowed to return home.
• There will be war crimes trials for the atrocities committed by Japan throughout WWII.
• Japan will be allowed to have industry so they can make money to pay for reparation. World trade will also be enabled at some point.