Monday-
WW1 Goals
There werent any real goals at first, but as time went on and casualties and costs increased winning territory was a ust
France
-Regain Alsace and Lorraine from Germany
Get the Saar Basin from Germany
Create and independent rhineland to cratea a buffer area between France and Germany
Cripple Germanys Military
Get German colonies in aftica
Get turkish colonies in the Mid east
Great Britain
Get German colonies in Africa
Get Turkish colonies in the Mid East
Italy
Wanted land from Austria-Hungary
Russia
Wanted control of the Dardenelle and Bosporus Straits in Turkey
Austria-Hungary
Self preservation
Germany
Wanted pary o France
Wanted Luxemburg and Belgium
Wanted most of westernRussia
Make Austria-Hungary and the Balkans s “sphere of influence”
Take over French and British colonies in africa
United States
In and end war
Wilson’s 14 points
WW1 Part 2 objectices-US involvement
Be able to identify the US policy that Wilson declared when WW1 broke out in 1914
Be able to identify why the US was drawn into war and why we drew closer to the Allied Powers
Be able to analyze WW1 propaganda, identify it goals and evaluate the effectiveness of it
Be able to identify how the convoy system works and the efectiveness of it
Be able to identify the importance of key people:Woodrow Wilson, John Pershing, Bernard Barunch, herbert Hoover, Grorge Creel
Be able to indetify the costs of the war:US and grand total
Ba able to identify the actions we took at home to mobilize our country for war
Neutrality
President Wilson declared that the US was to be neutral when WW1 broke out
-”Impartial in thought as well as in action”
-US stayed neutral for 3 years
Causes for US involvement in WW1
US was very upset with both sides in war
-GB and Germany were both stopping US ships
-Eventually, US drew closer to war and the Allies
WHY
German sinking of British/French ships and killing of US citizens on those ships
-Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
-Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare in early 1917
Sussex Pledge
President wilson addressed Congress in April, 1916 and issued an ultimatum to the Germans: End the attack on unarmed ships or risk war
Germany responded to Wilson’s demands on May 4, 1916 with what is called the “Sussex Pledge.” Germany promised to:
-End the sinking of passanger ships
-Search merchant ships for contraband and make provisions for passangers and crews before sinking merchant ships
The German guarantees were genrally honored until the announcement of the resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in Feb. 1917
The Simmermann note
Was a coded telegram sent by the Foreign Secretary of Germany, Aurthur Zimmerman, on Jan. 16, 1917
It was sent to the German ambassador in the United States of America, Johann von Bernstorff
The note was intercepted and decoded by the British cytographers
The context of the letter was given to the MAerican press on March 1, 1917
Caused public outrage that contributed to the US declaration o war against Germany on April 6, 1917
On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
So basically...Germany tried to get Mexico to declare war of the US
Garmany promised Mexico that they would get the Mexican Cession back if they won
Germany wanted to keep the US out of Europe
Tuesday-
4. Beliefs of War Hawks (Jingoes)
-Teddy Roosevelt, Leonard Wood
5. Trade with England increased and Germany decreased as years went on
-the US became economically tied to the war and making sure Great Britain won
-US lent Germany 27 million dollars from 1914-1917, while it lent the UK and it's allies 2.3 billion dollars during the same period
6. British and American Propagande swayed public opinion against Germany
7. Preparedness program(1915)
-US started arming and preparing for was
-Pushed Teddy and Wood
-Opposed by President Wilson at first
8. American business and banks pushed the US into the war for huge profits
-The nye COmmittee(1934-36) investigated the impact that big business and banks had on getting the US involved into WW1
-The committee reported that between 1915 and Jan. 1917, the US lent Germany 27 million dollars, and in the same period, it lent to the UK and it's allies 2.3 billion dollars, almost 100 times as much
-These payments were made during wartime:July 28, 1914-Nov. 11, 1918.
-Because of these facts, the Nye Committee concluded that the US entered the war for reasons of profit, not policy-because it was in American Commercial interest or the UK not to lose
General Jogn “Black Jack” Pershing
American Doughboy- informal term for member of the Army or Marine
The Homefront
Refers to what people did back in the US to help win the war
Every country has their own Homefront
What needs to happen on the homefron to help win a war?
War Industries Board
Headed by Bernard Baruch
Regulated indistry in US
Encourages mass production
Under the War industries board, industrial production in the Us increased 20%
Food Administration
Headed by Herbert Hoover
Urged people to conserve food
-Meatless monday
-Wheatless Wednesdays
Victory gardent-a garden so the food can go to the soldiers
Prevented hoardaring of food by people
“Food is Ammunition-Don't waste it”
National War Labor Board
Settled disputed between workers and employese
Discouraged strikes
“WOrk or fight:
Women hired during the war were to receive equal pay for equal work
Headed by William H. Taft
Committee on Public Information
Goal was to influence US public to support WW1 in their own way
Launched a huge propaganda campaign
The committee used newsprint, posters, radio, telegraph and movies to broadcast it's message
AMericanized German words:
-German Measles-Liberty measles
-Hamburger-liberty strak
-Sauerkraut-Liberty cabbage
-----George Creel* headed the committee on Public Information
Major Goals of Us Propaganda in WW1
Enlist in the military
Buy war bonds
Conserve food
Encourage patriotism
Dehumanize the enemy
Urgency
Wednesday-
Ww1 Part 3-The Peace Process
Be able to difine what the Paris Peace Conference was
-Official conference where all the major countries worked to end the war and declare peace
Be able to describle the treaty of Versailles in detail and the impact it had on Germany and Europe
-the big 4:Great Britain, Italy, France, and US(Wilson)
Wilsons 14 Points
The 14 points was a speech delvered by President Woodrow Wilson to Congress on January 8,1918
The speech was intended to assure the country that the Great war was not being faught for a moral cause and for postwar peach in Europe-not inperialism
Other Allied countries did not like the 14 Points as they thought it was too easy on Germany
The speech became the basis for the terms of the German surrender, as nagotiated at the Paris Peache Conference in 1919
The actual Treaty of Versallies had little to do with the 14 points and so never ratified by the Senate
The 14 Points
An end to secret treaties
Freedon of the seas
Free trade for all countries
Disarmament
End to colonial claims
Self-determination for all countries-Russia
Restoration of Belgiu
Restoration of France
Readjustment of Italy’s boundaries
Austria-Hungary would be given opportunity for autonomous development
Romania, Serbia, and Montenegre should be evacuated and restored
Turkey should be independent
Poland would be given their independence
The ‘League of Nations” would be developed
Be able to describle why the US never ratified the Treaty of Versallies
-offically ened the war with Germany
Territorial
The following land was taken away from Germany:
Alsace-Lorraine:France
Eupen and malmedy: Belgium
Northern Schleswig: Denmark
Hultschin: Czechoslovakia
West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia:Polan
Thursday-
The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of the Leugue of Nations and the people of these religions would be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in a future referendum.
The league of Nations also took control of Germany’s overseas colonies.
Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.SOme of this land was made into now states:Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. An enlarged Poland also recieved some of this land
Treaty of Versailles
General
Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the war
-This was Clause 231-the infamous “War Guilt Clause”
A league of Nations was set up to keep world peace
League of Nations
Five permanent members(Great Britain, Italy, US, and Jopan)
Four non-permanent members that rotated
All members must submit disputes for investigation, arbitration and settlement
-If member mation ignored, League could take action
What type of Actiom?
--Economic sanctions
France wanted an international army but Us and Great Britain didnt
Germany and the Societ Union were not allowed to join right away
-US never did
Why did the league of nations fail in preventing WW2?
Other treaties
Austria-Hungary no longer existed
-Austria
Wanted to be part of Germany
-Hungary
-Czechoslovakia
lots of Germans in the Sudetenland area
-Yugoslavia
formed from Serbia, montenegro and part of A-H
All these countries were small and weak and could e easidly taken over
Germany had to give land back to Russia from Brest-Litovsk Treaty
-Due to Cival war, Bolsheviks could deal with this at the time so Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Ukrane became indipendent
Turkey lost all it's Middle Eastern colonies
-Syria and orday went to Fraance
-Palestine, Transjordan and iraq went to Great Britain
-Saudi Arabia became independent
Turkey did become a republid(democracy) after WW1
US and the Trwaty of Versailes
The US never signed the Treaty of Versailles or joined the League of nations
Why not?
Could WW2 have been prevented if the US did join the League of Nations?
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