We talked about grading and then started our presentations. Here are the notes:
Ch. 5.1:
-Describe Native American culture.
Nature and animals are very important.They had several gods. They followed the buffalo. Only had horses when the Spaniards introduced them. They thought the land shouldn't be bought, everyone could share. Native Americans had wars with other tribes.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
The Homestead Act. For the Land, mining, farming and ranching. Riches
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
If american won a battle on their land then the Native Americans had to give up their land: Red river war- gold rush- massacre at sand creek- and death on the Bozeman Trail- Battle of Little Big Horn (Custer's Last Stand... Native Americans won but made us more against them)- Battle of Wounded Knee- (1890- pretty much ended all wars with Native Americans)
Dawes act- set aside 160 acres of land for each head of the household and 80 acres for every single adult....all the extra land would be sold to settlers (tried to get the Natives to be "normal" get them to farm and dress like us) People found loop holes and got land away from them
in 1850's the Gov. had a treaty that set boundaries for each tribe
-Describe a cowboy's life.
Cowboys were the ones who did the cattle drives.They had to watch their back because of animals and Native Americans coming after them.
The long drive- was a multi-day cattle drive that went hundreds of miles...usually started in Texas and went through Kansas
Had to do cattle drives because the south didn't have many railroads. Lasted 20-30 years, not long
The plains Wars
Red river war- gold rush- massacre at sand creek- and death on the Bozeman Trail- Battle of Little Big Horn (Custer's Last Stand... Native Americans won but made us more against them)- Battle of Wounded Knee- (1890- pretty much ended all wars with Native Americans)
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
Homestead Act- offered 160 acres to every head of the household , rules- had to live on the land and build a 10x12 house, had to maintain and grown crops for 5 years, very small fee, $200 for 160 acres.
In Oklahoma they had a huge give away of 2 million acres ....people went too early and got the name the "sooners" Lots of businesses took over the land that was designed for farmers. Some land wasn't worth taking
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
Open Range- allowed ranchers to move cattle from farm to farm without permission, had confusion between cows, in 1880 they made a law that you have to have your land fenced in. Undeclared wars between cowboys and sheep herders and the farmers. Cattle ranchers didn't like the sheep. Farmers eventually win and the open range dies out. Only lasted about 20 years.
Cattle industry started booming in the 1800s because people wanted beef. New types of cattle. Fences stopping farmers from expanding. Demand for Beef.
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Great Plains are between the Missouri and rocky mts.
When settlers came there were few trees. Dug in side of hills. Houses made from sod. Women helped on the farms with animal chores and canning produce, and dug wells, became family doctor, school teachers and leaders of the church. Lots of droughts and floods on the great plains, blizzards and extreme weather. Locust plagues. All killing crops. Farmer Debt- farm machinery became popular so they bought that with more land which put them in debt. Shipping of grain was high.
They were raided by outlaws and many Native American Run ins. Used barb wire because there weren't trees on the great plain to make wooden fences.
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
Land, disease, Native Americans
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
Farmers and alliances 1892-1896. Started officially on July 2, 1892. White rich males are dominating at this time. Why?- railroads and cooperation's took advantage of them. Farmers had to pay high prices to move cattle and other supplies. What?- social outlet and education for farmers, and became a movement to fight railroads. The grange is a group of farmers that did those types of things.
GIT- graduated income tax, the more you make the more you pay.
Demands:
Railroads made farmers pay more and higher prices, federal loan program and single terms for president and VP. (we don't want a dictatorship) senators by popular vote(17th amendment)- just the people vote , the state legislator doesn't get to pick anymore. The value of money goes down when they print more. secret ballot-Australian ballot-people would try to buy peoples votes and most people would do it because it wasn't a secret. and an 8 hr work day- Immigration restrictions-immigrants were coming in and stealing jobs
Panic of 1893- railroads went bankrupt , gold supply went thin, people traded money for gold, end of year 15,000 business' and 500 banks closed.
Stnace on precious metals- gov gives metals in exchange for money, anti gold speech by William Jennings Bryan, he lost to Mckinnely
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
Industrial Revolution-started in Britain in the late 1700. They were leading in colonial power, they got many thing from those colonies. mostly mining because of large coal deposits. Samuel Slater came over with memorized blue prints for a mill. Oil was first successfully drilled in 1859. Large amounts of oil lead to an oil rush in Pennsylvania, allowed economy to grown. Steel production was hard until a new process in the late 1860's. Many new factories so lots of pollution and they made children work. Industrial Revolution allowed our economy to grow but our classes split even more. Rich became richer and poor became more poor. became number one country in the world defiantly after world war 2. The Bessemer Process was injecting air into iron to make steel. Best way to make steel.
Oil and Steel were huge at this time.
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
Major invention- telephone, typewriter, light build, gas powered car, airplane.
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
Expanded the US. Got things to places faster, more efficient. Made money but went into bankruptcy
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
The Farmers were because the railroads had unfair pricing and charged more for shorter trips. they also misused land grants.
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC). Which regulates and keeps rules for the railroad companie.
The Grange was part of the farmers alliance. Got people together. Kind of a labor union of farmers. Fought back against rail roads.
Ch. 6.3:
Monopoly-when one single company has control over the market. (lowering prices until all the other companies go out of business, and then sending prices way up.)
trust is a way of forming monopoly
ANTI TRUST IS ANTI MONOPOLY
two biggest monopolies were standard oil company, and Carnegie steel
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
He started out very poor and when he was 13 he started working 12 hour days for 6 days and only get 1.20 for the whole week. He started a steel empire. US steel cooperation. Made a deal with John Morgan to merge all the companies and sold it to Morgan for around 1 billion dollars.
He bought out his resources and transportation.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
Standard oil company, provided oil all over and turned it into a monopoly by buying out other companies. 22 of the 26 in the area. Tried to cheat people out of things and made lots of money.
Both men gave away lots of money to the performing arts and things like that .
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
Survival of the fittest- the rich people used this in their favor. Natural law for strong and rich to buy out poor weak.
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
Vertical-buying out the way of transportation and the fields and businesses that help your business. Own everything in between.
Horizontal- buying out other companies that are the same types of businesses. Expanding your business.
-How did the government try to regulate business?
Sherman Anti-trust Act
made to break up monopolies
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
Organizations formed to fight the bad working conditions in all of the factories. The workers would go on kind of a strike. They wanted higher pay and better hours. many people had 12 hour work days. Not many jobs had benefits and the work areas weren't safe.
Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
The knights of labor made in 1969 and American Federation of Labor in 1886 which is still around today. some were successful others were not.
Strikes are caused by unhappiness and workers go on strike. Teachers in Iowa cannot go on strike. The great railroad strike of 1877, workers tore up the railroad, was successful most strikes didn't work because the bosses were in power and would just replace people.
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US?
Better money, jobs, lives, freedom
Where did immigrants come from?
All around the world
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
Weather
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
They took people's jobs and worked for lower wages. Hurt labor union efforts
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Golden Age of Immigration
Ellis Island is in the Hudson River-1910
Angel Island in San Francisco-1910
Both Ellis and Angel are immigration stations. Immigrants form Asia, China, and Europe. They got tested for diseases. Had to read and write a little. Had to have some money on them.
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?
10 million- 54 million
Housing , they had to have lots of people in one room or they lived outside of town and didn't have transportation. Too many people too quick, they didn't have the means to keep all the people taken care of...Had trouble repairing broken railroads. Transportation was railroads, trolley cars, horses, and walking. Had trouble with health because the water wasn't clean and they all shared. They had to collect water from the faucets. No indoor plumbing. Sanitation- streets were filled with manure and sewage, factories were polluting the air, people would throw garbage in the street. Crime rate was high, thieves flourished. Easy to turn to the life of crime. Organized police forces. Large Fires and they didn't have a good way to put it out. Fires in factories.
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
Nice rich people and churches- Hull house- Jane Adams-settlement houses
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
Political Machine- an organization of people that try to work in their favor and try to sway as many things their way as they can.
Machines were corrupt. Did things wrong to get things their way.
Graph- is corruption in government
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
Boss Tweed was the head of Democratic Political Machine in NYC. He would rig the elections. Very wealthy but stole money from tax payers. Asked for more money than they needed.
120 counts of fraud and sentenced to 12 years in jail. Thomas Nast was the main reason he went to jail. He drew the cartoons that told people how bad Boss Tweed was.
What caused all this corruption in government?
Lack of government rules and regulations.
What laws came about to reform government?
the 13th amendment which abolished slavery. 14th former slaves became us citizens. 15th allowed black males to vote.
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
Jim Crow laws-segregation (spit the races into 2)
Poll Tax and literary Test- Be able to read and write in order to vote, and have a certain amount of money
-grandfather clause allowed you to vote if your grandfather did prior to a certain date- this allowed poor whites to vote but not blacks.
Only black males could vote. Segregation occurred. Different bathrooms , restaurants. Segregation didn't stop being a big issue until MLK
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
separate but equal- its okay to separate as long as everything is the same. When Blacks fought back with brown vs board of ed. of topeka, ks. Ended the seperation keeping everyone equal.
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