Ch. 5.1:
-Describe Native American culture.
Nature and animals are VERY important. Buffalo really important on Great Plains. They lived in harmony, part of the circle of life. Fished, farmed, hunted, gathered. Spanish brought horses. Wars with opposing tribes. Land wasn't OWNED, foreign term to them.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?
It was a chance to start fresh. gold rush. lots of available land.
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?
If Americans wanted something that was on Native Americans' land then battles started. Battle of Little Bighorn-major battle that caused hate towards Native American's after all our troops were killed. Battle of Wounded Knee last major battle in fight between Americans and Native Americans.
Dawse Act-set gave 160 acres to head of house and 80 to each unmarried adult. Not used land would be sold to settlers. Money made would be spend on farm implements for natives. 1850's government had a treaty that set boundaries for each tribe; many natives denied treaty.
Indian Reorganization act-tried to redo all bad things we did to Native Americans. go back to old ways, but it was too late. Culture was destroyed.
-Describe a cowboy's life.
long drives-started in Texas drove them to Kansas. Herding cattle in huge pack with horses. Hundreds and hundreds of miles long. Always had to watch their backs for Native Americans. Cattle would get attacked by predators, so always had to watch their animals. 12-16 hours of work. Worked in groups to drive cattle. They would sell them up north. No railroads, reason for driving the cattle.
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?
1862-offered 160 acres of land who was head of household. encouraged people to move west. RULES: settle on land for 5 years, build 10x12 house. plant and grow crops. small fee. 2 million acres of land given away in Oklahoma. Got name Sooners cause got land too soon. Businesses took over much of land. Too expensive to travel as far west as was needed. Not all land was good for farming. Designed to help common person, land speculators would take over. Buy land cheap...sell for a high price.
Open range-allowed ranchers to move their cattle from farm to farm even if it wasn’t theirs. Came up with law that required you to fence your land, open range dies out with fences.
Cattle industry-boomed in 1800’s, everyone wanted beef. New types of cattle, stopped by fences. Railroads were able to transport them.
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?
lack of trees, tough weather conditions--blizzards, floods, droughts, locust plagues
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
weather conditions, debt, poor soil.
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?
lots of debt, railroad's fees charged to the farmers.
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?
Made up of farmers and the factory workers--common person.
Helped farmers out of debt, give people a greater voice in government, increase money supply in circulation, graduated income test, federal loan program, direct election of senators, single terms for president/v.p., secret ballot, 8 hour workday, restrictions on immigration.
They wanted to be treated equal.
farmers, who wanted to fight the railroads who who taxing them, they wanted to educate people on what was happening between them and the railroads. Farmers needed the railroads to move their crops, but it was so expensive. Populist Movement was basically used to lift debt from farmers. :farmers and alliances are involved. 1892-1896, started officially on July 2, 1892 near Omaha
Graduated income tax-the more you make in your salary the higher the taxes you're required to pay.
demands of the populist movements-increase in money supply(leads to higher prices for goods), leading to higher prices in received goods and services, demanded more you make;more you pay, federal loan program, senators by popular vote(wanted the people to vote for senators) single terms for presidents and vice presidents.
secret ballot-you're the only one who knows who you voted for
bimetallism-government give metals, gold and silver, in exchange for paper
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?
tons of natural resources, government helped business, cities were growing, immigrants provided cheap labor, growing population provided markets for manufactured goods, oil boom, Bessemer Process-cheap way to make steel. Laissez fairre-made government stay out of businesses plans. Began in Britain. population increase. more people worked in factories.
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?
typewriter, railroads, telephone, gas powered car, light bulb, airplane, Bessemer process. Helped industrialize the county and allowed our economy to grow. Made the U.S. one of the most powerful nations in the world, would help us become most powerful country. Negative-rich became richer, poor became poorer. More children worked in factories.
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?
Helped with westward expansion. connected the east and the west, faster way of travel, more towns were founded. Easier to transport goods to different parts of the U.S. Lots of railroads were built after the Civil War. Railroads helped to form the 4 time zones we have today. Negatives--wrecked native american's land.
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?
Charged a higher fee to transport goods short distances. People were unhappy with the prices they were being charged by the railroads. Interstate Commerce Act-allowed government to make sure railroads were following rules and regulations.
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?
group of farmers, part of alliance, fought the railroads.Wanted to help farmers fight back against railroads. worked towards fair prices. Interstate Commerce Act-allowed the government to supervise railroads.
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.
started very poor, began working at 13 would re-thread spools. got paid about $1.20 for entire week of work. Founder of the Steel Empire (Carnegie Steel), started running whole thing. Supplied steel all around. Ended up making a deal with John Morgan wanted to merge companies, so little competition. Gave millions to charities and organizations. Immigrated from Scotland.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.
Owner of the Standard Oil Company, provided company all over. Turned it into a monopoly. Cheated people, got discounts on his stuff to make more money. Merged all other companies into one. Great Business man.
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?
Survival of the fittest, the strong survive, the weak will perish. It is natural law for big businesses to take over the weaker.
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).
When company has control over the market and they can basically do whatever they want. Vertical Integration--Buying out resources (raw materials, fields, forests, farms) other companies, and distribution(shipping and transportation) Basically you are buying out everything that controls your production from the beginning to the very end. Horizontal Integration--bought and merged same type of business companies to gain 100% control or close to that trust-way of forming monopolies Anti-Trust=Anti Monopoly
-How did the government try to regulate business?
Sherman Anti-Trust Act= No trusts, no monopolies
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?
Organizations formed to fight the horrible working conditions in the businesses and factories. Made up of the people who where working. Their purpose was to raise their pay, shorten work hours, get more benefits, and have a safer workplace.
Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.
The knights of labor made in 1969 and American Federation of Labor in 1886 which is still around today. some were successful others were not.
Strikes are caused by unhappiness and workers go on strike. Teachers in Iowa cannot go on strike. The great railroad strike of 1877, workers tore up the railroad, was successful most strikes didn't work because the bosses were in power and would just replace people.
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US?
Better money, jobs, lives, freedom, famine in home county, religious freedom, natural disasters in home country
Where did immigrants come from?
All around the world, china japan, europe
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here?
Weather, ships disgusting, bad sanitation, sea-sickness, dirty,
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? What were those restrictions?
They took people's jobs and worked for lower wages. Hurt labor unions efforts. Darker skinned people weren't liked. racism. WASP-if you're not white, anglo, saxon, protestant.
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?
Immigration, people in rural areas weren't succeeding in farming;tried out factory life, african americans moved to the cities.
Golden Age of Immigration
Ellis Island is in the Hudson River-1910-immigrants from Europe
Angel Island in San Francisco-immigration station immigrants from Asia and China
At immigration stations they were tested for diseases, and of their knowledge.
What problems did cities face due to the rapid increase in population?
Housing-lived in outskirts or boarding houses. very cramped.
Transportation-difficulty repairing railroads, horses left manure on streets. (trolleys, horses, walking, raillroads)
Health problems-water wasn't clean, would basically drink out of a hose. No indoor plumbing. Went outside for bathroom.
Sanitation-streets filled with manure, sewage, lots of pollution in air from factories. Had pigs go out and eat garbage off the streets.
Crime-law enforcement too small to impact crime. Lots of crime in the cities because people were poor, no organized police force, and very easy to turn to life of petty crime.
Lots of fires and not much water to put them out. Chicago and San Francisco had most fires.
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?
Settlement houses. churches and nice rich people. organized firefighter crews. organized police forces. electricity better lighting, safer at night time. parks were build to make cities look nicer. organized garbage collection.
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?
an organization of people that are working to get as many democrats/republicans into office as possible
graft-corruption in government
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.
head of the Democratic political machine. Tweed ring was a croup of corrupt politicians trying to defraud the city. stole tens of millions of dollars from New York City
What caused all this corruption in government?
What laws came about to reform government?
Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Chester Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Grover Cleveland and William Mckinley were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?
13th amendment abolished slavery. 14th amendment made blacks U.S. citizens. 15th amendment gave black males the right to vote.
Jim Crow Laws-segregation laws
poll tax and literacy test-had to pay tax in order to vote, take a test to prove they could read and write. Most of the african americans could not read, so many could not vote.
grandfather clause-if grandfather could vote before 1864 then you could vote. would allow poor white people to vote, but not poor black people.
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.
could legally separate races as long as the races are equal was eventually ended by the trial Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas
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