Presentation Day.
Chapter 5-8 key questions
Ch. 5.1:
Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's Last Stand)
Battle of Wounded Knee- last battle the US government had with Native Americans in our country. Native Americans surrendered.
-Describe Native American culture.Nature and animals are very important. Bison was important-they followed them and used every part of them. All part of the circle of life. Bows and arrows. Farmed lots, hunt and gathered. Thought land was everyone's to share, so it was easy and confusing for others to buy and sell it.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains? Gold rush and cattle drives. Better life. Homestead Act of 1862- Started out as good idea and turned bad. Gave 160 acres to any citizen. Had to maintain and farm land for 5 years. About 200 dollars to buy after this time. Had to have 10X12 house. Oklahoma- 2 million acres given away. Some went before it was declared open. USed to be known as Indian territory. Businesses took over a lot of land. Too expensive to travel. Land wasnt' all worth taking.
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies? If America wanted what was on their land, we would start war with them to get what America wanted. Native Americans had to keep moving. Some surrendered and some fought back. Dawes Act- set aside 160 acres to head of house and 80 to each unmarried adult. Non-used land would be sold to settlers. Money made would be spend on farm implements for natives. Settlers found loopholes to get land and took 2/3 of the land that was supposed to be set aside for Native Americans. IN 1850's government had a treaty that set boundaries for each tribe. Most natives denied the treaty and continued to use their traditional land.
-Describe a cowboy's life. Long Drive- transport cattle from one place to another; typically from Texas to Kansas. Very dangerous and took a couple days. A lot of cattle. Cowboys always had to watch their backs because Indians and wild animals could come and attack them and the cattle. Worked from sunrise to sunset. Had to take cattle due to the lack of railroad. Made money doing this.
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains? Homestead Act of 1862- Started out as good idea and turned bad. Gave 160 acres to any citizen. Had to maintain and farm land for 5 years. About 200 dollars to buy after this time. Had to have 10X12 house.
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains/What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains? Danger, weather, Indians, debt,
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains? For the land
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in? Farmers and Factory workers. 1892-1896. Started officially July 2. 1892 in Omaha. Underdogs can come together and succeed. Agendas of reform can succeed. White rich males dominated the businesses and government. Hard for others to succeed with all the rich white men running everything. Railroads took advantages of farmers. Farmers paid extremely high prices to transport. Farmers bought mortgages' got caught up in credit. Grange (farmer's group)--began to provide a social outlet and education for isolated farmers. Became a movement to fight railroads. Sent lectures to towns and reform to lift the burden of debt from farmers. Demands: increase in money supply, leading to higher prices in received goods and services, demanded more you make; more you pay, federal loan program, senators by popular vote, single terms for President and VP. Graduated Income Tax- more you make, the more tax you pay, secret ballot, 8 hour work day, immigration restrictions, railroads went bankrupt, gold supply wore thin, people traded in paper money for gold, end of year 15,000 businesses and 500 banks closed. Bimetallism- government give metals in exchange for paper.
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's? Started in Britain. Population increase around this time so people worked in factories a lot. US mainly agricultural after Civil War. Oil was first drilled in 1859, successfully. 2,000 barrels a day to 4 million barrels of oil. Edwin Drake drilling oil led to oil rush in Pennsylvania. Factories popped up all over. Children had to work in factories. Many got injured. Positive- Helped to industrialize country. Helped economy to grow and reach high point. Made country most powerful in the world. Negative- Richer got richer and poor got poorer. Lots of disease. Laissez Fairre- government should stay out of businesses
Tons of natural resources, government helped business, cities were grown, immigrants provided cheap labor, growing population provided markets for manufactured goods, oil boom, Bessemer process-chap way to make steel.
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives? Typewriter, phone, gas powered car, airplane, some type of light bulb. All made the lives easier. Bessemer Process. Changing iron into steel. Oil is important because almost everything used oil to run.
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US? Westward expansion, developing the country, government made land grants and loans to railroad companies. Start of civil war- 30,000 miles and by 1890 it was 6 times greater. Railroads had a big part in the creation of time zones. Charged lots to ship goods. Broke up land.
-Why were many people upset with the railroads? Really tough conditions. Were attacked by Native Americans, accidents, and diseases. Farmers could transport goods faster. Misused grants and farmers thought they could better use the money. People that managed rules didn't listen so they got in trouble. Everyone wanted part of it so they built so many railroads. Lead to bankruptcy. Panic of 1893- depression- biggest one up to that time.
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads? Interstate Commerce Act - 1877- Allowed Federal Government to check in on railroads to make sure they were following rules. Established interstate commerce commission. Gains all power in 1906, didn't give railroads any problems.
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie. Carnegie Steel.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller. Standard Oil.
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business? Survival of the fittest. Big companies can buy out the small.
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).Trust is basically a monopoly. Horizontal-buy out all the oil companies. Vertical- buy out everything that goes into the process of producing oil. Don't depend on anyone else. Run everything from beginning to end.
-How did the government try to regulate business? Competition. Sherman Anti-Trust act=anti monopolies.
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose? Organizations formed to stop awful working conditions in factories. People working made up labor unions. Labor unions went on strikes. Nights of labor- 1869- main labor union. American Federation of Labor-1886- very successful. Formed for higher pay (dollar a week), less hours (worked loooong day) better benefits (got hurt; done working), safer workplaces (people lost fingers, eyes). Went on strikes-people stopped working. usually caused by unhappiness with company. puts lots of pressure on business to meet the demands.
Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples. The great railroad strike was. Back then, most strikes didn't work. Most strikes struggled early on. Were in the hands of the owner. They would be fired and immigrants would come in and work cheaper without complaining.
Ch. 7.1:
Why did immigrants come to the US? Temperature, family, natural, disaster, more money/better jobs, better life, escape persecution, our government
Where did immigrants come from? Other countries. Europe, china, asia, japan, Latin america.
What problems/issues did immigrants face on the trip over and once they got here? Finding jobs, restarting lives, weren't welcome, tested for diseases, had to have a little money, lived in outskirts or boarding houses, transportation problems or cramped rooms. Bad living conditions. Way here on boat was disgusting. Discrimination. WASP-White, Anglo, Sacks, Protestant,
Why did some people want to put restriction on immigration? Racism What were those restrictions? Kept wages low, didn't allow them, racism
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's? Immigration
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population? Had to live on outskirts of town or in boarding houses...very cramped rooms. There were transportation problems--railroads kept getting broken and horses made manure all around. Problems supplying safe drinking water. Large cities had to collect water from faucets. Building didn't have indoor plumbing. Streets filled with manure, sewage, factories, garbage. Thieves flourished as population grew. Other law enforcement units were too small to impact crime. Lots of fires in 1870-80's. Not much water so hard to put out.
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities? Settlement houses-how people helped poor people. Rich people helped. Poor people could get food, training, etc. Fire crews, police forces to fight crime, electricity-safer at night time. Parks built to make it look nicer. Garbage collection.
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city? NOT A MACHINE. An organization of people that are trying to get as many democrats/republicans elected for various political positions. Graft-corruption in government.
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring. The machines would grant favors to businesses in return for cash and accepted bribes to allow illegal activities like gambling. 1890- police were haired and fired by Boss. William M. Tweed- Boss Tweed- Head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful Democratic political machine in 1890. He led the Tweed Ring--a group corrupt politicians trying to defraud the city. City gave 13 million to the construction but it was actually 3 million. Tweed was indicted in 120 counts of fraud and sentenced to 12 years in jail. Sentenced reduced to one year in jail. Then went back in for another charge.
What caused all this corruption in government? Dishonest people, lack in laws, Spoils system- whoever wins elections gets to chose who is in government office.
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended? 13th Amendment. Nobody can work against their will for no pay unless as a punishment. Put an end to slavery. Many people didn't agree with this. Therefor, the KKK began. 14th amendment gave blacks citizenship. 15th gave black males the right to vote.
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson. Said that segregation was ok as long as everything was separate and equal.
Grandfather Clause- if grandfather could vote prior to 1865, then you could vote. Allowed poor white people to vote but not poor blacks.
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