Today we presented and took notes. 1890-1920.. All about progressing. 4 goals.
September 30th- we took a quiz today over the topics we went over in class.
Topics:
-Temperance Movement-18th Amendment a group of people who wanted to change lots of things. designed to ban alcohol. 18th Amendment was passed in 1919 and banned alcohol. prohibition- making illegal alcohol, had lots of problems with the cops. Most women progressives blamed alcohol for domestic abuse, cheating, and not going to work. Carrie Nation- very pushing progessor, she went into saloons and bar and destroyed them because that's what God told her to do. WCTU. Women's Christian Temperance Unit.
-Muckrakers-Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens- Journalist who showed issues to the world. Based off a name of a character in a book. Newspapers, magazines. They racked the muck of society. They tried to change society. Upton Sinclair- most famous muckrakers. Wrote a book called the jungle. He was going to write a book about the day in the life of an immigrant. He ended up writing about the gross things that went into the meat that they sold. Ida Tarbell- Woman. She wrote "The History of Standard Oil." This book exposed what John D. Rockefeller did in his business and how he took over small businesses(not caring). This started the push for change, and Standard Oil was later broken up in 1911. Lincoln Steffens- Article he wrote was called "The Shame of the Cities." This was about corruption of the cities. Talked a lot about how Tweed stole money from tax payers. He let people know this was going on, which made more people want change. Political machine died out and mayors/ city managers became more popular.
-Laws making the workplace better, safer, etc- 10 hour work days were established for women first because they had to take care kids and they couldn't handle working that many hours, and then men. Child labor laws were passed, hour limits, and age limits. Workman's compensation- if you get hurt on the job, you don't get fired. Labor Unions were strengthened. Progessers were meant to make factory workers lives easier.
-Direct Election of US Senators-17th Amendment- The people elected US Senators instead of the state government. Everybody of the state gets to choose. Took power out of white, rich, males. Made the society more democratic.
-Women's Suffrage(voting) Movement-19th Amendment- Women wanted to do more than cleaning, cooking and taking care of kids. They started getting jobs in the factories.. but they were easy. They started to fight for their rights. They didn't like how black men could vote, but women still couldn't. The women took the 14th amendment to court to try to fight it. They also tried going state by state to get them to vote. Wyoming was the first one who let them. Susan B Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stantan made a rough draft of the 19th Amendment and they finally approved it. 3 part strategy- go state by state, fight it in the courts, work towards getting the amendment passed in 1920.
-Teddy Roosevelt's Background- Grew up in the rich family. He had asthma, nearsighted, small, kid. His dad said that he wouldn't be able to do anything because he had a small body but a big head. He turned himself into a college athlete. Went to Harvard. Loved to hike up mountains. Govern of New York. A war broke between America and Spain, put Roosevelt in charge. He went to Africa to hunt after he was president. John Shrank shot Roosevelt and Roosevelt ended up dying in his sleep. His first wife died in child birth giving birth to his first son, he left his child behind with his family to be a cowboy.
-Teddy Roosevelt's Domestic Presidential Accomplishments/Issues:
2. Breaking up strikes- believed people had the right to strike. He helped lots of workers. He supported labor unions. Helped the factory workers out. Coal strike.
3. Breaking up trusts-trust buster- Roosevelt trying to break up monopolies.. He didn't believe that what they were doing was right. Sherman Anti-trust act was enforced by Roosevelt. Passed in 1890.. Nobody really started enforcing it until Roosevelt did. Good, bad and the bullied.. If you were a good trust, you got to stay. If you weren't, you didn't get to stay.
4. Regulating railroads- Elkins Act, Hepburn Act- named after Steven B Elkins. It was made to end large companies from wanting rebates. Hepburn Act- helped limit railroads power. It expanded the powers of Elkin's Act.
5. Pure Food and Drug Act- made in 1906. It started when the people noticed the harmful foods that they were eating. They had to name at least 10 different dangerous things within their products. Became food and drug administration, in 1930. Made sure drugs were safe and food was safe.
6. Meat Inspection Act- packing plants were very gross.. Sinclare wrote the book so Teddy went to check things out. He noticed all the gross things that went into the meat that people were eating. Teddy passed the Meat Inspection Act to make sure things were healthy, they made sure the packing plants were clean and the immigrants were clean. We now have inspections for lots of plants.
7. Conservation-Transfer Act, Antiquities Act- Transfer Act- transferred to department of agriculture. Antiquities Act- preservation for natural land. public land owned by the government.
8. Newlands Reclamation Act- 1902. US federal funded irrigation for the great plains and other dry places. helped set up irrigation systems.
9. Gentleman's Agreement- Agreement between America and Japan because of segregation.This agreement said that we wouldn't segregate them anymore.
10. Federal Employers Liability Act- states had their own work compensation act. if you were hurt on the job, and could prove that it happened on the job.. you got better compensation.
11. Policy toward African-Americans- He did little to preserve suffrage. He thought some blacks were superior to whites. Didn't help African Americans very much.
-William Howard Taft's Background- 27th president. He wasn't a very god political leader. Congress didn't like him because they thought he was going to undo some of Teddy's reforms, but he didn't. He became a member of Supreme Court after president.
-William Howard Taft's Domestic Presidential Accomplishments/Issues:
1. Payne-Aldrich Tariff- tariff- tax on importing goods. high tariffs- made to have people buy American made products. Progressives wanted to lower tariff's.. to help common tariffs. it lowered some tariffs, but kept some the same... and made some even go up.
2. Ballinger/Pinchot Land Dispute- Taft alienated when Taft fired William pinchot. This made many people think that Taft did not protect the land. Taft allowed Pinchot to sell the land to rich people.
3. Breaking up trusts- Taft had almost double the trust to break up compared to TR. Taft broke up the good and bad trust. He thought he was helping consumers. Standard Oil was the major trust that got broken up.
4. Income Tax-16th Amendment- The government could collect taxes, didn't matter how or where they got there money. It was for the federal government. It set up the graduate income tax.. the more you make, the higher you pay in tax. February 3rd, 1913. They use tax money so they can pay for roads and everything else in the cities.
5. Policy towards African-Americans- during this period there was a lot of segregation. he didn't do much to help them. African Americans were share croppers and couldn't leave until they paid their debt off. during world war 1, most African Americans moved North.
-1912 Presidential Election
1. Democratic candidate and platform- Woodrow Wilson. Progressive. Tariff reduction, keep breaking up monopolies, direct election of senators.
2. Republican candidate and platform- William Howard Taft. Keep breaking up trust. Improved postal services.
3. Progressive(Bull Moose) Party and platform- Roosevelt. Teddy felt like he was a Bull Moose because he got shot and gave a speech. Make people want to vote. 8 hour workday. Minimum work day. Women's suffrage.
4. Socialist candidate and platform- Eugene V Debs. Tax reforms, Minimum Wage Direct Election of President Social Insurance woman’s suffrage and a shortened work day.
5. Results and why Wilson won-Wilson- 435 Electoral votes. Taft-8 Roosevelt- 88 Wilson had 6 million
Taft and TR had 7 million but Republican had to split.
-Woodrow Wilson's Background- born on December 28th, 1856. Virginia. Thomas Wilson. Wasn't super rich. Very strict household. 3 years at Princeton . Got his bachelors degree. He was a lawyer. He later became a doctor with his PhD. He published a book and then was a teacher. President of Princeton University. Governor of New Jersey. Won election of 1912. He died in 1919 of a stroke. His wife ran the white house when he was trying to recover. 3 children.
-Woodrow Wilson's Domestic Presidential Accomplishments/Issues:
1. Clayton Anti-Trust Act- strengthened Sherman-anti trust act.. ended monopolies. Labor Unions were given the right to exist. Strikes, boycotts became illegal.
2. Federal Trade Commission Act/Commission- created in 1914. designed to break up trust/ big companies. carries out the Clayton-Anti-trust Act. They're the ones that physically break up the trust.
3. Federal Farm Loan Act- created in 1916. to help farmers with money. loan givin to farmers to help them farm and with crops.
4. Underwood Tariff-s. lowering tariffs.. it helped farmers and lots of other people. first major reduction on tariffs.
5. Federal Reserve Act- make sure the banks wouldn't shut down when people would get nervous and go take out all their money from their account. set up the Federal Reserve System. set up how banks in the US would work. allowed the US to use dollars in stead of coins. the new bank system had 12 banks in it. these banks were used by banks. They borrowed from it during the Great Depression because banks still needed money. Banks banked from these banks. They control interest rates.
6. Keating–Owen Act- the 1st child labor law bill. it banned the selling of products made by children. if the children were under 16, they couldn't sell it. they later called it unconstitutional.
7. Adamson Act- gave an additional 8 hour work day and started the over time pay.. helped with railroad workers.
8. US Neutrality in WWI- broke out in 1914. neutrality- we didn't choose any side. we could trade with both side.. Great Britain and Germany. Woodrow "kept us out of war."
9. Policy towards African-Americans- many president's didn't help with blacks because they knew it would upset the courts and it could chance their probability of being reelected.
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