Tactics of the millitary
Phalanx- used in battle of Maarathon, one downside is that it is used against cavalry, the horses in the Cavalry would quickly ride around the phalanx and get them from the side.
Naval Warfare- used during the Peloponnasian war, faought by raming other ships.
Key players
Pericles- polititian, democrat, general, Athanian, he ruled athens from 461 BC to 429 BC
Socrates- was not well liked, he was a philosepher, he praised Sparta.
Plato- student of socrates, wrote dialogues that contain most os Soctates ideas
Aristotle - Student of plato
Archemedes- well known mathematician, first to calculate Pi
Delian League- coalition of gReek states and Athenians, it freed lonian Greeks from Persia, it protected the Agena sea.
Famouse Battles
Persian War- major battle: Marathon, Thermopylae, and Salamis
600 persians died in Marathon.
Thermopylae- 7000 GReeks and 300 Spartans
-stood up to the Persians for a long time.
Salamis- Greeks abandoned athens, fought with naval forces, destroyed mosed of the persian fleet
Peloponnesian War- broke out in 431 and went until 4024
Battle of pylos- 425 BC Athns naval forces were out attacing, over 2000 spartan troops, they tried attacking the sea side wall.
Weaponry and Armor
Swords, Iron knives compared to bronze knives, Arrowheads, sling bullets- steel and clay, shields- bronze, archery, spears.
different kind of soldiers
from age 18 to 60 all physically fit men went tot the military, most soldiers were heavily armored infantry.
Hoplite soldiers were light armored men usaualy poor citizens or trusted slaves.
Peltasts soldiers 20 to 24 years old they were light armored and caried javalins.
Questions
Who was the leader of Athens during much of its Golden age
Name two famous battles of the Persian War
Sea
Greece borders the Ageana sea, the lonian sea and the East mediterranian sea, Greeks thought the sea was beautiful.
Land
The longes river in Greece is the Alkimon
riverbeads tand to dry up
Grapes were very popular in Greece becai\use of the rocky soil.
Goats and sheep were the most common animals in Greece, provided fur, milk, and meat, chicken and gees were also grown and eaten
Climate
mild, rainy winters
relatively warm and dry summers
lots of sunshine all through the year
the mountains adjust the climate.
Anciet Greek trade and colonization
trade was important in greek culture
Farming
little soil and farmland
20 percent of land
Barly , grapes, and olives
made use of 4 million acres for agriculture
diet was based on cereals
home to many olive trees
Mining
Lavrion mines
Greek word Lavra-means narrow passage
Natual recources
iron, bronze, flax, clay, timber, grain, animals
how the land affected the battles
Battle of Thermoplae- narrow coastal
Battle of Salamis- took place on Salamis island, located in Saranic Gulf
Peloponnesian war- Athens vs Peloponnesian league
Different jobs
Farmers- they grew enough to suppert their families, but sometimes they grew a smal surplus to support the town.
Blacksmilths- they used iron and ore to create swords, plows, axes, and other tools
Craftsman- most shps were family owned and small, they could specialize in there work depending on the size of the city where they worked.
doctors/medicine- medicine was limited in the ability to cure diseases , it combined science and religious beliefs.
Merchants-were traders in ancient Greece, they owned boats or rented cargo space on boats.
Bankers- they had a vital role, they changed money from other city-states into local currency, they often loaned money for tade.
Questions
What part of geography helped the Greeks during the batle of Salamis?
What were Greeks main crops and when and were they planted and harvested?
Barly, grapes, and olives.
Aristotle Background
-born in 384 bc in Sageria, Chalicidice (north Greece
-died in 322 bc- around age of 61-62
he was the first trained in medicine
at age 18 he went to platos academy in athens to continue
Plato Background
-born around 428 bc into distinguished, wealthy Athenian family
he had wide sholders thats why his coach called him platon
he was outstanding in sports, music, and acedemics
he died in 347 bc in his bed while a girl played a flute or he fied in his sleep.
Socrates background
-classical greek pholosopher
-born and spent all life in Athens 469-399
-his father was sophroniscus and his mother was phaenarete
-he was verk kind and had good humor and people were charmed by his wit.
-his wife was Xanthippe
he was accused of atheist and corrupting the youth of Athens so he was senteced to the death penalty so he drank poisen instead.
Aristotle
-he was a famous Greek Philosopher
-he tought alexander the Great
Sorates
known for endless questioning
-never lecturing
-taught plato
-commited suicide by force
Platos contributions
-platos main contributions are in phelosophy
Socrates major contribution
-he faugt in the peloponesian war
-he also didnt charge for his schooling
his philosophies
the proper study of phelosophy is man
Teaching method
problem/questioning
student responds with his or her own answer
Questions
What is the meaning of Aristotles name?
Which of the three philosophers went into the military at age 18?
Polytheism
many gods and goddesis
prayer
-there were cerimonies and ritualsfor one particular god or goddes
-sacrificing domestic animals.
gods-Zeus
-child of Cronus and Rhea
-overrthrew his father
-king of the gods
Gods- Poseidon
god of the sea, earthquakes and horses
Gods- Hades
-oldest male child of Cronus and Rhea
god of the underworld and preacious metal under earth
Gods-Hera
-Queen of all gods
protected women and marriage
"lady"
Gods- Athena
-born out of Zeus's head
zeus's favorit
Gods- Apollo
-son of zeus
-twin to Artemis
Gods-Artemis
-daughter of zeus and leto
Gods- Ares
god of war, battelust, civil order, and manly Behavior
son of zeus an Hera
Gods- Aphrodite
Goddess of love, beauty, and fertility
Questions
Why were gods and goddesses important to the people of that time?
what planet is named after Ares
Government of Athens
by 5th century their government changed from a tyranny to a democracy
tranny- automatic rulers whi governed by decree
Athens created first democracy
Who was allowed to participate
-only citizens were allowed
-men were considerd citizens
-women slaves and foreigners were not
-if childs parent was not a citizen the cild wan not a citizen
The assembky
-any man was allowed to attend
-they were held 40 times a year
The council
--supervised government workers
The court
-most powerful
-500 jurors were chosen everyday to serve
-jurors had to be males over the age of 30
Did the people like it?
-people liked it because they could speek there minds
-all citizens could participate
-peacefuly settled disputess
Critics
-many critics- bot ancient and modern
-only some men could vote
-no woman rights
-limited citizenship
-slavery
Key players
-Perciles- leader for 30 years
-Solon- introduced many new government reforms
-Cleithenes- Father of Democracy
Elections
-didnt have electons for the council
-500 names were drawn from all the people of Athens
-those 500 people had to serve as lawmakers for one year
-after one year 500 more were drawn
Questions
What are the three branches of government and what did they do?
Who was known as the father of democracy?
Notes
Changes
After the peloponnesian war several Greek city-states were very weak
-economically
-Militaristicaly
Macedonian leadership
-{hillipi II was the king of Macedonia around 360 BC
-only 23 would he became king
-Brillianr General
-Was able to train peasants into warriors
-his dream was to take over Greece
Phillipis Tactics
-Phillipi organized his army into phalanxes of 16 men across by 16 men deep.
-all 256 men had to work together for this formation to work correctly.
Conquest for Greece
-An Athenian orator named Demosthenes tied to warn the Greeks of the threat of Phillip and them to prepare an army
-however the city-states of Greece couldnt come up with united response.
New Leader
-next on phillips agenda was to invade persia
-However, he was never able to do this
-at his daughters wading he was stapped to death by one of his former guardsmen
-his son imedeatly took the role of king
Alexander the Great
-Was taught by Aristotle
-spread Hellenistic culture
-very intellectual
-alexander wanted to show his power early
Question
Do you think that Alexander should have punished the people of Thebes so harshly? why or why not?
State your answer then write at least a para graph explaning your reasoning
Yes i think that Alecander should have punished the people of Thebes harshely because Alexander had just come into power, and he had to prove that he was a good leader just like his father was a strong king, so he thought he needed to be just like him. If Alexander would not have punished them they would think he would let other people
Notes continue
Invasion of persia
-alexander was now ready to invade persia now that the greece was secure
-alexander marched with 35000 men to attack persia
-persian rushes 40000 men toward alexander
-That victory alarmed the persian ing, Darius III
-his respose was to raise a huge army ranging between 50000 to 75000 men
-alexander knew he was outnumberd so he called for a suprise attack with his best troops ordered them to go strait for the persian king.
Peace?
-after two major battles lost, Darius III was ready to give up so land in hopes that alexander would stop his conquest
-alexander refused to take th offer his goal was to conqor persia.
Alexander in Egypt
-Alexander was welcomed into Egypt as a liberator even though Egypt was a persian tritory
-was crowned a pharaoh
-Alexander still wanted to kill kin Darius III of persia so he pursued him, he eventualy found king Darius dead one of his own men had killed him.
Are we there yet?
-many thought that once Darius was dead alexander might stop the conquest, they were wrong.
-he invaded certain areas of india and successful defeat them there as well
Low Moral
-alexanders troops had been fighting for a very long time and traveld very far
-had fought for 11 year and had marched 11,000 miles in bad conditions, deserts and even monsoon rains.
Governor
-when alexander had reached Babylon, he announced that he wants to unite his empire by building new cities, roads and harbors and conquer Arabia
-he bacame seriously ill with a feaver and died at age of 32
Legacy
-married a persian princess
-he even wore persian dress and presided over a mass marrage of 80 of his men to persian women
-at the time of his death he had conquerd a mass amount of land.
Generals
-Antigonus-became the king of Macedonia and took control of the greek city-state
-Ptolemy-seized Egypt, took the title of pharaoh, and began a dynasty
-Seleucid- got ontrol over the old persian empire. he didnt take the democratic approach with them.
Question
-what is your overal opinian of Alexander the Great? Was he really that special or just a barbaric person who allowed greed to get the best of him?
write a paragraph explaining your answer.
I dont think he was that special because he was just trying to be a great ruler like his father so he let greed get the best of him. he should have not went so hard on them and quit earlier.
Hellenistic culture- Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and indian influences
the language that was used was called koine meaning common in greek.
Alexandria
-The center of the Hellenistic culture
-located on the western edge of the nile delta
-booming economy due to all the different customs and items that came to Alexandria
-some simalarities to Ellis Island
Alexandrias appearance
-the rulers sent allot of money and time into making the city of Alexandria attractive.
-two greatest attractins were the museum and library
-the library was the first true reaserch library, it was used for gifted groups of scolars.
Science and Technology
-Much of the scientific reserch that was done in Alexandria was very influential
Astronomy
-the museum contained a small observatory where astronomers could study the stars and planets.
-astronomer named Aristarchus made two very important conclusions. that the sun was bigger than greece, the planated revolve around the sun. unfortunatly nobody supported him.
Math and Physics
-Euclid-was a well known mathematics, also wrote a book, know for writing proofs
-Archimedes- came up with the value of pi and also explained the law of the lever. he created a pully to pull heavy objects as well.
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