ATHENIAN REASON
- Polytheism
- Many gods and goddesses
- although gods were immortal, they were not all powerful. Fate ruled over all
- Gods had humans traits and emotions and manipulated humans
- Believed in an underworld where spirits went, life after death
- They prayed in temples
- Sacrificed animals
- Strived to please the gods to gain favor
- Prayed to different gods depending on what they wanted
- Zeus
- King of the Gods
- God of the sky, weather, law, order and fate
- Fathered many gods/heroes
- symbols thunderbolt, eagle, bull, oak
- Poseidon
- Swallowed by Cronus at birth but was later saved
- God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses
- married to amphitrite
- Father of Theseus
- Often changed into the shape of a steed
- Hades
- Oldest male child of Cronus and Rhea
- God of the Underworld and precious metal under earth
- Obtained his wife Persephone through trickery and abduction
- Has a helmet that makes him invisible
- Hera
- Queen of all Gods
- Protected women and marriage
- Amazon protector
- Married to and a sister of Zeus
- Athena
- Born out of Zeus's head
- Zeus's favorite
- Daughter of Zeus
- Goddess of Strategic war
- Goddess of wisdom and justice
- Goddess of the city and agriculture
- Apollo
- Son of Zeus
- Twin to Artemis
- God of music, light healing, and truth
- Drove the sun
- Never married but had children
- Artemis
- Daughter of Zeus and Leto
- Virgin Goddess of the Hunt
- Twin to Apollo
- Could bring sudden death with one arrow
- Ares
- God of War, Battle-lust, Civil Order, and Manly Behavior
- Son of Zeus and Hera
- Had a long affair with Aphrodite during which he had 4 sons, and 1 daughter
- The planet Mars is named after his Roman equivalent
- Aphrodite
- Goddess of love, beauty, and fertility
- Also a protector of sailors
- Born from the sea
- Most beautiful woman in the world
- Myths
- Zeus was the son of Cronos
- Cronos was destined to be overthrown by a son
- Zeus escaped and freed his siblings and imprisoned Cronos
- Zeus married Metis but his authority made him arrogant
- Killed Metis and Athena was born from his head
- Athena is Zeus' most trusted
- Athena was a great goddess who never lost her cool
- She protects cities and gives a just discipline
- Has a temple in Athens
- Medusa
- Medusa would flaunt her beauty for she was almost as beautiful as Athena
- Medusa made Athena angry and turned her beloved hair into serpents
- Medusa looked into a living thing's eyes it would turn into stone
- Roman religion was similar to the Roman Gods?
GOVERNMENT OF ATHENS
- Type of Government
- By 5th century the government changed from a tyranny to a democracy
- They had a direct democracy where people vote to make their own rules and laws
- Tyranny is a autocratic ruler who governed by decree
- Only citizens were allowed to participate
- men were considered citizens
- Women, slaves and foreigners were not
- If a child's parents were not citizens, the child was not considered a citizen either even if they had lived in Athens their whole life
- Branches
- The assembly
- any man was allowed to attend
- they were held 40 times a year on a hillside auditiorium
- made decisions about was war and wrote and revised laws
- majority rules
- The council
- Supervised government workers
- In charge of navy ships and army horses
- The Courts
- Most powerful
- 500 jurors were chosen everyday to serve
- jurors had to be males over 30
- no rules on what kinds of cases
- majority rules
- The assembly
- The People liked it because they could speak their minds
- all citizens could participate
- peacefully settled disputes
- age restrictions
- paid for service
- included rich and poor people
- Elections
- didn't have elections for the council
- 500 names were drawn from all the people of Athens
- 50 from each of the 10 Athenian tribes
- Those 500 people had to serve as the lawmakers for 1 year and then 500 more would be drawn
- Key Players
- Pericles
- leader for 30 year
- Solon
- introduced many new government reforms
- Cleithenes
- Father of democracy
- Pericles
MACEDONIA
- Geography
- Macedonia had rough terrain and a cold climate
- The people lived mostly in mountain villages instead of the city-states like in Athens.
- Macedonia had rough terrain and a cold climate
- Macedonians thought they were considered Greeks
- Once again the Greek though that the Macedonians were barbaric and not civilized as the Greeks like the Spartans
- After the Peloponnesian War several Greek city-states were very weak economically and militaristically
- When there is weakness or a struggle there is usually a predator or someone else to take advantage of the opportunity. In this case, it was Macedonia.
- PHILIP II was the king of Macedonia round 360 BC
- Only 23 would he became king
- Brilliant general
- Was able to train peasants into warriors
- His dream was to take over Greece and avenge the Persian Invasion of Greece in 480 BC
- Invading Persia was another dream
- Phillip organized his army into phalanxes of 16x16 men
- All 256 men had to work together for this formation to work correctly
- After the phalanx had broke through the enemy's line, he would then send in cavalry to crush the disorganized ore retreating opponents
- An Athenian orator named Demosthenes tried to warn the Greeks of the threat of Phillip and told them to prepare an army
- However, the city-states of Greece couldn't come up with united response
- Finally Athens and Thebes decide to standup to Phillip but it was too late.
- Greek independence was lost to King Phillip of Macedonia
- Next on Phillip's agenda was to invade Persia
- However, he was never able to do this.
- At his daughter's wedding, he was stabbed in stabbed to death by one of his former guardsman
- His son immediately Proclaimed himself the king of Macedonia
- Alexander the Great
- Was taught by Aristotle
- Spread Hellenistic culture
- Very intellectual, kept a copy of the Iliad under his pillow to remind him of the heroic of Achilles in the Trojan War
- Alexander wanted to show his power early, and when the people Thebes rebelled, he destroyed their city ad took 6000 lives
- The survivors were sold into slavery, only the priests were spared from becoming slaves
Do you think that Alexander should have punished the people of Thebes so harshly Why or Why not? state your answer then write at least a paragraph explaining your reasoning.
I feel that Alexander should have punished the people of Thebes.However, his measures were a little extreme though. For instance, putting people to death is clearly unreasonable though. If he hadn't exerted his power on the people, he might have been over thrown by the people of his kingdom. I also feel that with this exertion of dominance on his people, it allowed him to do extraordinary things later on while ruling.
MACEDONIA
- Geography
- Macedonia had rough terrain and a cold climate
- The people lived mostly in mountain villages instead of the city-states like in Athens.
- Macedonia had rough terrain and a cold climate
- Macedonians thought they were considered Greeks
- Once again the Greek though that the Macedonians were barbaric and not civilized as the Greeks like the Spartans
- After the Peloponnesian War several Greek city-states were very weak economically and militaristically
- When there is weakness or a struggle there is usually a predator or someone else to take advantage of the opportunity. In this case, it was Macedonia.
- PHILIP II was the king of Macedonia round 360 BC
- Only 23 would he became king
- Brilliant general
- Was able to train peasants into warriors
- His dream was to take over Greece and avenge the Persian Invasion of Greece in 480 BC
- Invading Persia was another dream
- Phillip organized his army into phalanxes of 16x16 men
- All 256 men had to work together for this formation to work correctly
- After the phalanx had broke through the enemy's line, he would then send in cavalry to crush the disorganized ore retreating opponents
- An Athenian orator named Demosthenes tried to warn the Greeks of the threat of Phillip and told them to prepare an army
- However, the city-states of Greece couldn't come up with united response
- Finally Athens and Thebes decide to standup to Phillip but it was too late.
- Greek independence was lost to King Phillip of Macedonia
- Next on Phillipp's agenda was to invade Persia
- However, he was never able to do this.
- At his daughter's wedding, he was stabbed in stabbed to death by one of his former guardsman
- His son immediately Proclaimed himself the king of Macedonia
- Alexander the Great
- Was taught by Aristotle
- Spread Hellenistic culture
- Very intellectual, kept a copy of the Iliad under his pillow to remind him of the heroic of Achilles in the Trojan War
- Alexander wanted to show his power early, and when the people Thebes rebelled, he destroyed their city ad took 6000 lives
- The survivors were sold into slavery, only the priests were spared from becoming slaves
- Alexander was now ready to invade Persia now that Greece was secure
- Alexander marched with 35,000 men to attack Persia
- Persian rushed 40,000 men to meet Alexander at Anatolia
- Alexander decided to attack first and with his cavalry , very effective and defeated the Persians
- That victory alarmed the Persian King Darius III
- His response was to raise a huge army ranging between 50,00-75,000 men
- Alexander knew he was outnumbered so he called for a surprise attack with his best troops and ordered them to go straight to the Persian King
- The Persian King fled and so did his army
- After two major battles lost, Darius III was ready to give up so land in hopes that Alexander would stop his conquest.
- The Macedonian advisors to Alexander told him to take the offer, but Alexander refused
- Alexander's goal was to conquer all of the Persian Empire
Alexander in Egypt
- Alexander was welcomed into Egypt as a liberator even though Egypt was a Persian territory
- Was even crowned a pharaoh
- Alexander named a city, Alexandria after himself which was very common for him to do
Continuing the Conquest
- Alexander still wanted to kill King Darius III of Persia so he pursued him
- This pursuit made him a great conquered but bad at governing the land he conquered
- He eventually found Kind Darius, dead, on of his own men had killed him
Are we there yet?
- Many thought that once Darius was dead Alexander might stop the conquest, they were wrong
- he invaded certain areas of India and successfully defeated them there as well
- Only problem was that Alexander struggled with what was the low morale of his army
- Alexander's troops had been fighting for a very long time and traveled very far
- 11 years of fighting
- marched 11,000 miles
- In all sorts of weather conditions
- Alexander's troops had been fighting for a very long time and traveled very far
- Very disappointed Alexander returned home
Govenor
- When Alexander had reached Babylon, he announces that he wants to unite his empire by building new cities, roads and harbors and conquer Arabia
- He became seriously illl with a fever and died at the age of 32
Legacy
- Married a Persian Princess
- He even wore Persian dress and presided over a mass marriage of 80 of his men to Persian women
- Very interesting cultural impact- spreading Hellenistic culture
- AT the time of his death, Alexander had conquered a vast amount of land
- Generals fought over who got the power of the empire
- Antigonus became the King of Macedonia and took control of the Greek city-states
- Ptolemy seized Egypt, too the title of Pharaoh, and began a dynasty
- Seleucid got control over the old Persian Empire. He didn't take the democratic approach with him, the rulers had all the power not the people
What is your overall opinion of Alexander the Great? Was he really that special or just a barbaric person who allowed greed to get the best of him?
I feel that Alexander was special and barbaric. He accomplished something that no one else had ever done, total conquest which makes him special in my opinion. However, going out murdering people, and taking control of land that he didn't necessarily need to take from the Persians, or Indians is a little barbaric. Like most of us, whether we accept it or not, would have been taken over by greed. So, I guess my opinion is that he is a special person with a very greedy personality.
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