Ch. 5.1:
-Describe Native American culture.- hunters and gatherers, they were given horses, wars broke out due to tribes trespassing on their land. they lived in small extended family groups, men trained to be hunters and warriors, women butchered game and prepared hides, children were taught through storytelling and examples, tribes wer never controlled by one person it was more like a council.
-Why did settlers/people move to the Great Plains?- they were looking for gold, silver, and other riches, they thought native americans had no right to the land.
-How did the US gov't deal with Native Americans in the mid to late 1800's? What were their policies?- they wanted native americans to be more like the Americans, assimilation means "americanizing" so they gave 160 acres land to the head of each household and 80 acres of land to each unmarried adult. Extra land was sold to settlers and money given to native americans.
-Describe a cowboy's life.-most cowboy's worked on ranches, they would start working at age 15 and keep working until age 40 or so, worked 10-14 hrs on ranches, or 14+ hours on cattle trails, they would round up as many longhorns as possible, they would keep the horses fenced in until they would rather eat than run away.
Ch. 5.2:
-How did railroads and the Homestead Act help settle the Great Plains?- The homestead act offered 160 acres of land free to any citizen who was head of the household, 600,000 families took the chance with this act, 10% of land was actually setteld by families, Iowa & Minnesota, was enough but in the west they needed more for farming.
-What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?- droughts, lack of water, floods, fire, blizzards, insects, locust plagues, native american or outlaw raids, crop growing, women would work beside their husbands.
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?- machinery was expensive so they had to borrow money.
Ch. 5.3:
-What problems did farmers face on the Great Plains?- farmers were trapped in an economic cycle, crop prices were falling so they had to mortage their farms so they could buy more land to plant more crops, farmland became scarce.
-Who were the Populists and what did they believe in?- they demanded reforms to lift bevt of farmers/other workers and a greater voice in government. They believed in and increased money supply, graduated income tax, federal loan program, single terms for presidents, secret ballot, 8 hour work day, restriction on immigration.
Ch. 6.1:
-What caused the Industrial revolution to really take off in the late 1800's?- natural resources, govt. support of business (laissez-fairre, they government is going to let the businesses do what they please), growing urban population which supplied cheap labor and markets for new products, availability of oil, steel, coal, and iron.
-What were some new inventions in the late 1800's and what affect did they have on people's lives?- Internal combustion engine, dynamite, typewriter, electric motor, telephone, phonograph, light bulb, radio, motion pictures, x-ray.
Ch. 6.2:
-What impact did railroads have on the US?- easier to get to the west, brought available land, adventure, a new start, helped develop the country we have today, trade (products and people)
-Why were many people upset with the railroads?- farmers were upset because of misuse of the land grants, railroad land was supposed to be given to farmers but it was given to other railroad companies, railroad companies would also enter in formal agreements for fixed prices which kept farmers in debt.
-What did the Grangers or government do to regulate the railroads?- Granger laws were set up in response to the abuses by the railroads, government fought against railroads by making laws, The interstate commerce act fought back against the railroads in order to regulate the railroads.
Ch. 6.3:
-Tell me about Andrew Carnegie.- born in scotland, moved to USA when he was 12, by 18 he had a job as a personal secretary, single handedly untangle d a snare of passenger and freight trains, led to his first stcok, given to him by Thomas A. Scott, Carnegie hall was named after him, he made his own steel company named Carnegie Steel in 1899, opened his first steel mill in 1875.
-Tell me about John D. Rockefeller.- born in richford NY, raised money growing up by raising turkeys and doing household chores, by 16 he had his first job an assistant book keeper at a library, showed early signs of a business man, his dad said he cheats his boys whenever he can so he can teach them what will happen in the real world. Rockefeller Center was named after him.
-What was Social Darwinism and how did it apply to business?-basically the process of natural selection applied to business, Herbert Spencer was the first man to apply the process to business, he used it to explain how human society was evolving, eventually people started using it to justify the doctrine of Laissez Faire .
-Explain how companies formed monopolies(vertical/horizontal integration, trusts).- vertical-buying your own products to control transportation and raw materials. horizontal-combining with companies making similar products(microsoft combined with apple). trusts-synonym for monopolies. These strategies became key in the success of another business man.
-How did the government try to regulate business?- the sherman anti-trust act, the doctrine of Laissez Faire, which stated the market place couldn't be regulated because it was controlled by natural law, this was supported by many people including William G. Sumner, a professor at yale
-What are labor unions and what is their purpose?- groups of workers joining together for a certain cause, goal was to get better working conditions, fewer hours, and better pay. They wanted to get better working condition especially for kids, on average 675 people died each WEEK, 20 % of boys and 10% of girls ages 5-15 years old had to work in factories with absolutely horrible working conditions.
-Were labor unions successful in achieving their goals? Explain/Give examples.- they did not succeed at first because nobody took them seriously, sometimes the boss said that they would "blacklist" them which is they would never be able to get a job anywhere else because they would have a bad reputation. The Wobblies "international workers of the world"
Ch.7-1 was mine!!!
Ch. 7.2
Why did cities grow so quickly in the late 1800's and early 1900's?- people were moving from the country to the cities, farmers moved to the cities from losing their jobs,
What problems did cities fact due to the rapid increase in population?- housing-in 1879 NYC passed law, airshafts, garbage pickup, plumbing, they would get diseases from their water so the filtration system was introduced in 1870's, sanitation-sewage, manure, smoke, garbage(everyone threw their garbage in the streets) Fire-no water, houses made of wood, candles caused fire
What did some people do to try to help the bad situation in the cities?- Jane Adams-she would join a settlement house because workers would know how to help the problems in the city, Adams was a spokesperson for racial justice, and in 1931 whe was the co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize, The Social Gospel Movement, and organization that preached salvation to the people, this group tried to reach out to the people that were living in poverty.
Ch. 7.3
What was the political machine and what did they do for a city?- a political machine is an organized group that controlled the activities of a political party and also offered services to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support, was organized like pyrimad, base-local worker and captains who gained voters support, ward bosses helped the poor to gain their vote, city boss who controlled activities for the political party, political boss was the head of the political machine,
Tell me about Boss Tweed and the Tweed Ring.- William Tweed or “Boss Tweed” became the head of Tammy Hall, New York’s powerful democratic political machine in 1868, around 1869 he led a group known as the Tweed Ring, which was a corrupt group of politicians, tweed was accused of 120 counts of fraud and extortion and sentenced to 12 years in jail later reduced to 1 year, after he left he was arrested for another charge and escaped during his second sentence.
What caused all this corruption in government?- The kickback, is when the government would overcharge taxpayers. Patronage or spoil system- the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a canidate get elected.
What laws came about to reform government?-Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883- authorized a bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on canidates performance on an examination (they had to prove themselves and pass an examination before getting a government job)
Ulysses S. Grant-Status quo , Rutherford B. Hayes-Reform , James Garfield-was status quo but turned Reform , Chester Arthur-was Status quo, but changed to reform , Grover Cleveland-Reform , Benjamin Harrison-Status Quo , Grover Cleveland-Reform and William Mckinley- Status quo
were all presidents during the late 1800's. Were they a reform president or a status quo president?
-Stalwarts=status quo(keep things how they were-white rich males). Half Breeds=reform(wanted to help the common people).
The Gilded Age- gilded means “to be covered with gold” on the outside things looked great, but on the inside things were very good. A period of time where things looked good on the inside, but were really messed up on the outside.
Ch. 8.1:
-What advances in science and technology help solve urban problems?- skyscrapers, electric transit(trolly cars that were pulled by horses, and there were trolly rails that were dug into the ground), suspended bridges with steel cable, urban parks for large cities,
Ch. 8.2:
-How did education change in the late 1800's and early 1900's?- the literacy rate was increasing,
Ch. 8.3:
-What laws and restrictions were put on African-Americans and other minorities after Reconstruction ended?- blacks couldn’t vote and they had to pass a literacy test(be able to read and write), poll tax (you had to pay it each year so you could vote), the grandfather clause was passed which said, that if you couldn’t read or write or pay the tax, you could still bote if your grandfather or father had been able to vote, Segregation laws-whites and blacks were seperated in public areas, these laws were called Jim Crows Laws after a popular song that ended with jump, Jim Crow.
-Explain the significance of Plessy v. Ferguson.- It split our country between blacks and whites (ruled that segregation was legal, and it ruled against the 14th amendment-no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.)
Ch. 8.4:
-Explain what people did for entertainment in the late 1800's and early 1900's.- amusement parks, bycycling, tennis, spectator sports, baseball, fine arts, fiction books, urban shopping, department stores
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