Causes of WWI (Group 3) Problems in Europe-Imperialism, Nationalism, Alliances, and Militarism (Make Europe more susceptible to war) Land Dispute, competition for money, land, and resources, trust issues. Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary.
Archduke Ferdinand- (Group 4) Royal prince of Austria and Bohemia. Was soon to be king, before his assassination(The other king was getting quite old) The conspiracy of Assassination-Black Hand conspiracy military group, similar to terrorist groups today. Assassinated by 19 year old, Gavrilo Princip of Bosnia group. Serbia wanted part of Austria-Hungary, they thought after assassination that Austria-Hungary's Bosnia would want to be part of Serbia.
Leaders of major countries involved/alliances- (Group 4)
Trenches (Group 1) could not advance during fighting, so they dug ditched that stretched hundreds of miles. Bad conditions:dead corpses, bodily waste, walking i the mud, food was scarce, trench foot(feet sat in mud for so long that they started to rot) Shell shock-so many bullets that they started going crazy. Gas attacks-easy to gas in the trenches because it was hard to escape. Trapped in no man's land in the trenches sometimes.
Main weapons used and new weapons invented ( Group 7) Riffles-long riffles, some exposed some internal clips, used for mid-long range shooting in the trenches. Shot one at a time and then reload. Handguns- Machine Guns-would jam a lot. Used a lot in trenches and on planes. New type of massive killing machine of WWI. Cause deaths to skyrocket. Shot Guns-US, Britain, Russia. Commonly used in close quarters. Deadly from short distance. Grenades-Russians, Germans had different shaped grenades. Pin is for safety. Pull pin and throw. Some went off on contact. Anti-Tank-high caliber riffles. used to pierce the armour on the tanks. Mortars-had explosives that would explode on contact, useful in the trenches. Fire miles long. Sub-machine Guns-would jam a lot. smaller than a machine gun and hand-held. Support-modern cannons. sometime used on planes. Good in offensive. Knives-great in trench invasions. Flame throwers-effected and used to clear out machine gun mess. Brutal. Hatchets, axes, shovels, spades, all used in trench invasions. Gas-tear gas, mustard gas. Suffocate people and burn them with mustard gas to get them out of the trenches. Tear Gas was just used to get them out of the trenches.
Transportation methods (importance of planes, trains, vehicles…)-(Group 3) Planes: Wright Brothers. Pilots had very little training many pilots only lived for 93 hours because of crashes. Decided to make fighter and bomber planes. Red Baron-Manfred Von Richthofen from Germany and famous for being one of the best pilots and fighter in WWI; shot down a lot of airplanes. Tanks:developed early. Failed quite often. Designed to go over trenches and barricades. Needed to wear masks, didn't have way to get CO2 out of tank cabins. French Renault FT is considered to be the first modern-like tank, developed at end of the war. Armoured Car,
How US got involved (Group 1) Were neutral for a while. Zimmerman Telegram sent from Germany to Mexico said how Germany was telling mexico to take back Texas. WE weren't on very good terms with Germany or mexico. British helped intercept the message. Propaganda-got Americans to support the war, we needed people to fight in the war. Needed to convince people that war was the best thing to do. German Submarine Warfare-Had U-Boats and they would sink anyone's ship. This worried us because they were sinking a lot of ships. Most common in North America and the Mediterranean. The Sussex Pledge-Germany had agreement with US. they wouldn't attack any ship that had people on it. Sunk the Sussex ship from Britain that had passengers. Germany said that they wouldn't sink any ship that wasn't armed. They wanted people to continue to support them. Didn't want to get US involved in the war. Sinking of the Lusitania-Germany sunk ship. Belonged to US. Was going to Britain from US. 2000 people on board. 1200 people killed (128 Americans) US traded with both countries, trade with great Britain sky rocketed-we gave them all the supplies they needed to fight in the war. We were attached to them in the war Nye Committee-investigated what pushed us into WWI. Big businesses pushed us into war. They wanted to make money get huge gov. contracts to make weapons and ammunition.
Battles (Christian B. and Keenan-Oracio) Major Battles of the War before US involvement: Battle of Somme-one of biggest in WWI. 1 million were wounded or killed. July 1st-November 18, 1916. Between British and French and German Empire.No overall winner. Very difficult to gain land/momentum because of the way it was fought. Battle of Verdun-Between French and Germans. Started around February 21, 1916-December 16. French victory. 500,00 were wounded, 250,000 died. Germany was trying to gain control of Paris. Battle of Gaza-March 26, 1917. First attempt by Egyptian expeditionary force to invade Ottoman Empire. All the fighting happened around the town of Gaza by Mediterranean coast. Between British empire and ottoman empire. 523 killed, 2932 wounded, 512 missing. Major Battles the U.S. Fought in: Battle of Belleau Wood Between U.S. and Germany. Fought June 1-26 1918. 9,777 casualties. The U.S won. Argonne Forest-September 26, 1918 until armistice, Nov. 11. Fought between France and US vs. Germany. The French wanted to capture train station in Sedan. 117, 000 casualties. Chateau Thierry-Fought July 18, 1918. US and France vs. Belgium and Germany. Attack took Germany by surprise. Fought in Belgium(North of France) Won by the US.
- 100 day offensive, the last major offensive caused end of war. August to November 1918. From US towards Germany.
Home front (Group 2) Neutrality:Woodrow Wilson. Keep us out of war. Didn't last long, decided we would get involved in the war. Liberty Loans:cover the cost of war. Fight or buy, if you couldn't fight or go over seas it was your duty to buy loans to help cover the cost of the war. Billions of dollars were raised for the war. People giving loans to the government. Going into war:preparedness movement led by Leonard Wood and TR. Pushed to get military and navy ready for war. Farming and Food: US Food Administration lead by Herbert Hoover. Days of week were set aside to minimize the use of products/resources. They encouraged victory gardens where fruits, vegetables, and herb gardens were planted to reduce the pressure on the public food supply. A way for people back home to help with the war. Economy:increased employment and wages, prices went up, brought great profit to industry. After the war it was clear that the US was the greatest power in the world. US became the world's leader. War Industries Board-big on helping out the US economy. Women: Had to take over, had to work more, and fill in for the men while they were fighting in the war. They had to volunteer. American Red Cross: Set up things to send over seas, get stuff around for troops who were fighting in war. Children were affected:raised by single mothers, had to help earn money for their families. Ended up going on their own because parent was working more. Boy Scouts:helped raise money for the war sell war bonds because people were more likely to buy from a child. African Americans:Wanted to prove themselves. Very few fought in war, fill in for troops who were in war, they helped contribute to help prove their Nationalism for the US. War Industries Board: Responsible for mass producing items for the war. Committee of Public Information:Dealt with propaganda. Nation War Labor: Dealt with labor problems. Tried to eliminate strikes.
October Revolution (Group 3) Russian Revolution-early 1918. lost over 9 million soldiers, dead, missing, injured. Signed Treaty of Litvosk with the Germans. got russians out of war. Lost areas of poland, lithoania, estonia, finland, ukraine, germans also made them pay 6 billion german marks. Russia really wanted out of war. Tsar Nicholis the 2nd knew russians were losing later he was taken out of power early 1917. This is what basically started the OR. Tsar Nicholis and family were help prisioners by communist leaders and were eventually killed. Vladamir Lenin first communist leader of communist party after they took control. Took power but wasn't allowed to rule for a while Became mute after a stroke. Joseph stalin used him as puppet to gain power. Stalin was big on killing people he didn't trust. Wasn't in Russia at time of revolution but gained high position after revolution. Worst dictator in history. Killed his own people, more than Hitler. (40 million roughly) The US Italy, United Kingdom and JApan tried to fight against the revolution, but couldn't stay in revolution. Eventually lead to the communists' power of Russia. Since Russia became communist, many Asian countries looked up to communism. We feared communism coming to the US.
Wilson’s 14 Points(Zach and Lucas) 14 Points that Wilson wanted the treaty to be at the end of the war. Germany was willing to sign armistice after they heard the 14 points. 1. Open agreements, no secret agreements. Hard to stop because secret agreements are just that, Secret. 2. Free navigation of the seas, w/out fear of being overtaken. 3. End to economic barriers, free trade. 4. Countries reduce weapon numbers, minimize military forces/numbers. 5. Colonies of countries should be free, let them be independent. End imperialism. 6. Let countries decide their own governments. 7. Belgium should be independent after the war. 8. France should be free and gain Alsace-Lorraine back from Germany. 9. Italy is going to gain land from Austria-Hungary. 10. Austria should have self-determination, independence choose their government. 11. Serbia and Balkin States should have independence and be able to choose their government. 12. Turkish people should have independence and be able to choose their government. 13. Poland should be independent and have choice in government. 14. League of Nations should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all countries.
Armistice (Group 6) Agreement to stop fighting for a certain period of time. That is what it was on November 11. Allies started final push at Germany. Central Powers start to give up, Turkey and Austria signed armistices. 100 day offensive was the final push. Germany gave up on November 11, 1918 at 11 a.m. France time, 3 US time. Ended the fighting in WWI. Known as Armistice day until WWII and now is known as Veteran's Day. Armistice is still going on in Europe.
Outcome of world war one (Group 1) Allied forces won. Germany was forced to surrender due to a successful blockade. Signing of Treaty of Versailles ended WWI but lead to WWII. The league of Nations was formed, good addition but caused some problems. Losses of war:15 million killed, 20 million wounded, 117,465 total US deaths. Central powers were defeated. New Countries of Europe: Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland.
- Treaty of Versailles(Group 6) June 28, 1919 signed at Versailles Palace. Leader of France pushed for it. Took six months of negotiating after the war to get the treaty in action. BRAT. Blame, Germany had to take the blame for starting the war, 33 billion US dollars. Germany was major power of central powers. Repair, Germany had to pay all the reparation of the damage of the war. Pay for all the damage that was caused. Army, their army had to be under 100,000 men and their Navy was reduced greatly, 6 battle ships had to be under a certain weight to stop them from going to war again. No submarines, air force, or tanks. Territory, Germany lost land,were given to France, Belgium, Denmark, Czechoslovakia, and Poland. Lost their colonies Africa to Great Britain, France and Japan
- 1920 Election:Republican Harding vs. Democrat James Cox. Harding wanted US to return to normalcy, Cox wanted to join League of Nations.
The Great War (WWI) 1914-1918 "The war to end all wars"
Quiz:
Causes of the war: Know how they led to war
Alliances-know leaders
Trenches: Know what happened in the trenches
Transportation
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