Mongolian Invasion Cont.
Weapons and Strategy
-Bow and Arrow
-Swords
-Catapults
-Put local residents or surrendered soldiers in the front of the army to act as a human shield.
Key Players
Genghis Khan
-Military leader with unbeatable and matched strategies.
Kublai Khan 1215-1294
-Ruled over Yuan Dynasty in China
-Grandson of Genghis Khan
Marco Polo
-Interested Kublai Khan with his stories
Major Battles
Invasion of India-1221
Invasion of Russia-1221
Chinese Empire-1231
Korea-1231
Eastern Europe-1237
Lasting Effects in Iran
-The economy declined
-The Mongols didn't accept Islam, but the leader converted to Islam in 1295
-The Mongols killed many people and destroyed the civilization.
-Took Iran many centuries to recover from the invasion.
-Created a trade route with Europe and Asia.
Math and Science
Muhammad ibn Musas Al-Khwarizmi
-Muslim mathematician and astronomer
-Introduced Hindu-Arabic numberals
-Concepts of Alg and Algorithms.
-Worked at the House of Wisdom-translated scientific treatises and published own research.
Ibn al-Hajthan
-Alhazen was a Muslim scientist and polymath.
-Called his name after his birthplace.
-Either Persian or Arab.
-He contributed to the principles of optics, physics, astronomy, math, scientific method, etc.
-Very overconfident about his knowledge-assumbed he could regulate floods of the Nile.
-When he was ordered to carry out his plan, he realized it was impossible and retired from engineering.
-After that he went mad (crazy)
-Placed under house arrest after that
-Devoted his life to scientific work until he died.
Optics
-Alhazen studied the structure of the eye and correctly described the process of vision.
-His book contains the oldest existing diagram illustrating the eye and its connection to the central nervous system.
-The parts of the eye that he labeled are still used today.
-Studied light refraction.
al-jabr
-Arabic for "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing"
-Mathematical book written in Arabic.
-Muhammad wrote it.
-The word "algebra" is derived from the term al-jabr.
Astronomy
-Ptolemy's model of the earth-centered universe formed the basis of Islamic Astronomy.
-However, several Islamic astronomers made observations and calculations that were more accurate than Ptolemy's.
-Islamic astronomy was built on sciences of 2 great cultures of Greek and Indian.
-The main reason for studying the sky was for timekeeping because in the Islamic religion at certain times of the they have to have 5 different prayers.
-Another reason was to pinpoint Religious Festivals.
-Galileo Galilei was an astronomer and created the telescope.
-Galileo observed a series of transits of the sun.
-Al-Khwarizmi was the inventor of alg.
Literature
The book of One Thousand and One Nights
-Collection of West and South Asian stories and folk tales.
-Collected over many centuries by various authors, translators, and scholars.
-Known as the Arabian Nights in English.
-Tales trace their roots back to ancient stuff.
King Shahryar
-Fictional Persian King
-Was known for executing his wives the day after their wedding so they wouldn't get the chance to be unfaithful like his first wife was
-His first wife had relations with a slave.
-This was seen by Shah Zaman, Shahryar's brother and the lovers were executed.
-Shocked by his wife's betrayal the king would marry a virgin every night and would have her executed the next day.
-Original tales were framed as stories told by the young queen to the king each night to save her life.
Genres
-Historical tales
-Love stories
-Tragedies
-Comedies
-Poems
-Fairy-tales
-Murder Mystery
-Suspense thriller
-Horror fiction
-Crime fiction
-Fantasy and Science fiction
Shahnameh
-Long epic poem written by the Persian poet, Fedowsi, between 977 and 1010 AD.
-National epic of Iran and related societies.
-Consists of about 60,000 verses.
-Tells about the mythical and historical past of Iran from the creation of the world until the Islamic conquest of Persia in the 7th century.
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