The Rise of Islam
Geography
-Very limited agriculture
- Very hot and dry deserts
People of the Desert
-On the deserts, the Arab nomads, called Bedouins, were organized into clans.
-These clans were created because they provided security and support for a life made difficult by the extreme conditions of the desert.
-Bedouins ideals: courage, loyalty to family, and warrior skills.
Moving
-By the time of 600 A.D., many Arabs had chosen to settle by an oasis or in a market town, the desert life was just too tough and unpredictable.
-Larger towns near the western coast of Arabia became market towns for local, regional, and long-distance trade goods.
Special City
-One of these cities was Mecca.
-mecca is a holy city where Muslims pray towards.
-Also it is very common for Muslims to go visit Mecca to pay homage.
Trade Life
-After these people had moved into the larger cities, the trading increased as well.
-Many routes because of the bodies of water that surrounded the area
-Traded many things like spices, incense, perfumes, precious metals, ivory, silk.
Monotheistic or Polytheistic
-The Islamic religion is definitely monotheistic.
-The believe in one God called Allah.
Muhammad
-The prophet Muhammad very influential figure.
-He was raised by his grandfather and uncle.
-He received little schooling and began working on as a trader
-At the age of 40, Muhammad became very interested in religion
General Information
-Islam means "submission to the will of Allah."
-Muslim means "one who has submitted."
Research
-five pillars of Islam
-Sources of Authority (holy book)
-Connect Islam to other religions.
3 paragraphs total.
include: Mosque, Hajj, Qur'an
Islam Grows
New Leader
-After Muhammad died in 632, the Muslim community needed to make the decision on who would be their next religious leader.
-They selected one of Muhammad’s good friends named Abu-Bakr to become the first Caliph.
Caliph- Mean’s successor
Issues
-Not everyone was welcoming of the Caliph.
-Some tribes around the Arabian Peninsula abandoned Islam completely.
-Others wouldn’t pay taxes
-Some individual even declared themselves to be prophets
Attempts to resolve
-Abu-Bakr declared a Jihad which has two meanings
1) An inner struggle with evil.
2) An armed struggle against non-believer
Expansion by military
-The Muslim community began to expand under Abu-Bakr as well.
-The next 3 caliphers after Abu-Bakr expanded into the Sassanid and Byzantine empires
Reasons for success
-they did very well in conquests between these empires, because they had been fighting each other for many years before this.
-well disciplined
-Great leaders
-The two empires weren’t tolerant of the religions in their conquered area so their Muslims in the empires would often help the other Muslims that invade the empires
Treatment of Conquered people
-The Qur'an does not allow for Muslims to force others to convert to this religion.
-Muslims allowed the Christians and Jews to practice their religions but they couldn't spread it.
-They made the Christians and Jews pay a tax however because they didn't fight for the Islam military groups
Research
Islam split
-Why did happen
-When was the major split
- who are the key players (groups) in the split
4 paragraphs
Include: Umayyads, Shi'a, Sunni, Sufi, and Abbasids.
Mongol Invasion
When?
-The 13th century. It covered most of Asia and eastern Empire
Central Asia-Empire was expanded into Khwarizmian Empire.
West Asia- They conquered areas known as Iran, Iraq, and Syria. It was conquered by force or submission. One thousand northern Chinese squads accompanied Mongols
East Asia- Genghis Khan and his soldiers entered China, which forced Korea to become vassal through an invasion of Korea.
Europe- They invaded Kievan Rus', right after they invaded Poland and Hungary. Over 3 years they destroyed major cities in Europe.
Military Units
- Mongols were usually divided into certain groups like; males from 14-60 years old and where in groups of 10, 100, 1000, and 10000.
- Above all the units there was one called the elite group and its name was Keshig.
-Tumens and Minghans were often given a task to administrator specific conquered territories. From this group there were 2 to 5 people that are called an Ordu meaning army corps. They were a tight group and layout was uniform.
-Moving in the winter was fairly easy; they used frozen rivers as highways.
-When they moved from place to place they were always in small so miss
- Transfers were forbidden, they usually just have leaders who split the groups up and they fight in small groups but there is many of them.
-Individual soldiers were responsible for weapons and other equipment for the army.
- Mobility of Mongol soldiers was by horse and had a couple of groups of archers on horses. Using horses they could travel far and get to destinations quickly. The mobility of individual soldiers was to see where routes could be and fired information
Major Battles
Battle of Muhi- Battle between the Mongol Empire and Hungary during the invasion. Took place in Muhi, southwest of the Sajo River. After the invasion nearly half of the Hungary area was destroyed.
Battle of Bang Dang- Third Mongol invasion, took place at the Bang River near now day northern Vietnam. Was a battle between Dai Veit and invading army of Yuan Dynasty.
Siege of Baghdad- January 29 till February 10, 1259, the Mongol under the command of Hulahu Khan, intended to expand ruling to the Mesopotamian. Instructed Hulahu to attack Baghdad if Caliph refused the Mongol demands.
Battle of Ain Jalut- September 3, 1260, between Mamluks and Mongols in South Galilee. Battle marked the high water point of the Mongol conquests .First time Mongol advance had been beaten in combat on the battlefield
Key Players
Prophet Muhammad
Sunni Muslims
Shia Muslims
-The death of the prophet Muhammad resulted in a question of who should lead the people of Islam. The Shia Muslims and the Sunni Muslims had different views on who should lead Islam.
-The word “Sunni” in Arabic means “someone that is a follower of the traditions of the prophet.” Sunni Muslims wanted to elect a leader that would be most capable in leading the Islamic people.
-Shia Muslims wanted the leadership to be directly passed on the cousin (Ali Bin Abu Talib) of Prophet Muhammad. The word “Shia” in Arabic means “a supporting group of people.”
Islam 10- 14th Century
-Islam, ranking the world’s second-largest religion, has a monotheistic faith.
-Islam is a religion for all people from whatever race or background they might be.
-Islam- there is only one god
-Means complete obedience to Allah (god)
-Muslims follow a religion of peace, mercy and forgiveness.
-The history of Islam concerns the Islamic religion and its adherents known as Muslims.
-Muslims and their religions have greatly impacted the political, economic, and military history of the old world especially the middle east where the roots lie.
Islam 945 A.D.
-Shi'ite group invaded Baghdad and a legitimate authority reverted to the Muslim Community
-Al-Farabi the greatest faylasufs or philosopher lives in Baghdad
-Fatimid dynasty or the Shi'ite assumed the title of Caliphate in Egypt until 1171 C.E.
Global Civilization
-In the 13th century, the global civilization was created by Islam for people with different ethnic groups to work together in arts and sciences.
-It activates the mind and though of people who have entered.
-Today this activity has began a new beginning in many parts of the Islamic world now that the Muslims have regained their political independence.
Spread of Islam
-The expansion of Islam grew rapidly after the death of Muhammad.
-The expansion to the state was very understandable
-The tolerance of Islam was another big factor.
-The most important factor for the spread of Islam was the religious law of Islam
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