Rome
- was built in 7 rolling hills around the Tiber River, near the center of the Italian Peninsula.
- it is the midway point between the Alps and Italys southern tip.
First Romans
- from 1000 to 500 bc three groups inhabited the region and fought for control of it
- they were Latins, Greeks, and Etruscans.
- the latins built the original settlement at Rome. It was a cluster of wooden huts.
Greek influence
- Between 750 bc and 600 bc the Greeks established colonies along the southern part of italy and Sicily
- the cities became very prosperous and commercially active
Etruscans
- they were native to northern Italy
- they were skilled metal workers and engineers
- they were very influential in the development of Roman civilization.
- Romans adopted there alphabet
- they also addopted some of there architecture, espacialy the arch.
Republic
- Republic- is a form of gov in which the power rests with citixens who have the tight to vote for their leaders.
- in rome, citizens with voting rghts was granted only to free-born adult male landowners.
Patricians and Plebeians
- in the early republic, different groups of romans struggled for power.
- Patricians- the wealthy landowners who held most of the power
- Plebeians- the common persons, but could still vote. usually farmers and merchants.
- the partricians inherited their power and social status, and clamed that they had the right to rule due to their ancestory
- Tribunes- the rights from the partrician officials.
Legislative
- senate
- high social and economic status
- serve for life
- advises consuls
Centerate assembly
- soldiers only
- chose counculs
- serve for life
tribal assembly
- ordinary citizens
- serve for life
Judicial
- 8 judges
- 1 year by the centurite assembly
- two oversee civil and criminal courts(the others govrn provinces)
Legal code
- Twelve Tables
- this was a list of rules that was the supreme law of the land in rome.
- in america, this is equal to the constitution
army
- Along with their gov, the romans also took great pride in their military as well
- all men who owned land were requierd to serve in the army.
- some of the high public office positions requiered 10 years of millitary service.
Legions
- large millitary units
- legions were made up of 5000 foot soldiers.
- a group of cavalry would support each legion
- the millitary organization and fighting skill of the roman army were key factors Romes rise to greatness.
Expansion
- by 4th century BC the Romans dominated centeral Italy.
- they had defeated the Etruscans to the north and the Greek city-states to the south.
Treatment
- Latins on the Tiber became full citizens.
- in territory farther from Rome, the conquered people were citizens as well but didnt have voting power
- the remaining people became allies of rome
Reaserch
Punic Wars- were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC.
key players-
| King Pyrrhus |  |
| Hamilcar Barca | |
| Hannibal | |
| Scipio Africanus the Elder | |
| Scipio Africanus the Younger | |
| Livy | |
| Cincinnatus | |
| Cicero | |
| Cato | |
| Sulla | |
| Tiberius Gracchus | |
| Marius | |
| Octavian | |
| Mark Antony | |
| Lucretius | |
| Sallust |
who won- Rome victories over carthage.
what happend because of it- Rome conquered carthage, they gained the most land the empire has had
Hannibal- Hannibal surprised the Romans in 218 BC by leading the Iberians and three dozen elephants through the Alps.
key players- Hannibal was the leader, Cincinnatus, Scipio
who won- Hannibal crushed them
what happend because of it- Hannibal became General married a Spanish princess, and started wars with several cities in Spain. His plan was to conquer all of Spain. showed th civilizations in the mediteranian that Rome was a dominant force.
-by 70 bc rome had conqured alot of land around the mediteranian.
Roman Republic
- shortly after their victories in the Punic Wars, the quick and rapid expansion began to hurt the empire.
- the land was going to large estate and the small farmers were not making any money and were out of jobs.
- one of the reasons leading to the cival war.
Julius Caesar
- another cival war broke out because of Caesars death.
Avengers of Caesar
- Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus avenged Caesar and became the 2nd triumvirate
- Even jealousy here, Octavion forced lepidus to retire his power
- Mark Antony fell in love with Cleopatra.
Augustus
- The term given to Octavion meaning "exalted one"
- Rome was at the peak of its power and at peace throughout Augustus's rule and even to 180 A.D
- Pax Romana- "Roman Peace"
Gladiator Games
Thumbs up means save the gladiator that’s down and thumbs down means let him die.
Order of Events at the Gladiator games
Animal hunts- They had a scene and the Emperor would use a bow from his box seat and shoot them.
The Bestiarii-These were gladiators trained to fight tigers and lions.
Criminals were sentenced to fight wild beasts at the games but without any skills, weapons or armor
Meridiani - lightly armed gladiators fought in the middle of the day, after the wild animal fights .
The Andabatae were the hapless criminals who provided comic relief to the audience
Roman life
Hannibal crossing the Alps
- one of the greatest military achievenments of ancient warfare.
- Happend during the 2nd Punic war
- was knon to be one of the major achivements of the second punic war
- took 16 days to cross
- many of their elephants died.
Why did he cross the Alps
- he thought it would give him a better chance against the romans if he came down with all of his war elephants.
Roman trade
- were vital to the Roman trade
- most common trade items beef, corn, glassware, iron, lead, leather, marble, olive oil, perfumes, purple dye, silk, silverr, spices, timber, tin and wine.
- they used the timber river, Mediteranian sea, and the black sea for a trad route.
- manufacturing of goods increased in the empires cities, and many opportunities for commerce existed. rome became one of the empires greatest commercial centers.
Roman ag
- used crop rotation
- sometimes had to import food because of mountains
- after conquering egypt, able to import lots of wheat
- most of crops raised on large estates called latifundias
- cicero concidered farming the best thing
- farm created main sources of income for romans
- certain types of food were given out to the public for free corn and wheat.
- since roman empire streached through a lot of land, there were different climates to allow a mixture of crops produced.
- romans had 4 systems of management
Slavery General info
- ancient rome depends on slaves
- most slaves were foreigners and unlike most places it did not depend on race.
- not uncommon for desperate romans to sell their children into slavery.
- when freed, they could work the same jobs as the Plebeians
- ddebt slavery was common, where a person could work off adebt by becoming a slave for a certian period of time, depending on the debt
- some slaves were forced to become gladiators.
Slavory
- manual labor
- domestic services
- could be highly educated and skilled, worked as teachers and physicians
- slaves task include working on farms-produce the food and materials the city depends on
- businesses- managed shops for store owners
- public buildings- worked on aqueduct systems, built roads and bridges and arenas.
Gladiator
- the gladiator games were games fought between an armed man and a criminal, wild animal, or another soldier, they were fought in the Coliseum in front of large audiences. many of the people who fought the criminals, and wild animals risked their social standing and their lives for the glory. they had costumes and senery which had to be put uo as well.
- thimbs up means save the gladiator thats down and thumbs down means let him die.
- order of events at the glaadiator games
- Amilal hunts- they had a scene and the Emperor would use a bow from his box seat and shoot them
- the bestiarii= these were gladiators trained to fight tigers and lions
- criminals were sentenced to fight wild beasts at the games
Emperors
- Tiberius- adopted son of Augustus- 22 years and 6 months -possibly assassinated by Caligula. he was a cruel tyrant who put men to death upon mere suspicion
- Caligula- great nephew of Tiberius- 3 years and 10 months - assassinated in conspiracy involving senators and pretorian guards.
- he was insane and once threatened to have his horse made consul.
- Claudius 1- nephew of Tiberius and uncle of caligula- 13 years and 9 months- probably poisoned by his wife. he was a weak and foolish emperor
- Nero- 13 years and 8 months- stepson and adopted son of Claudius. he was a monster of vanity and cruelty.
Jesus Death
- jesus was growing in populerity and this concerned Roman and Jewish leaders
- pontius Pilate accused Jesus of defying the authority of Rome.
- he then was crucified on the cross
Spreading christianity
- after jesuses death, the followers of jesus continued to spread his ideas.
- Despite the large amount of political and religious people
Paul
- a man who reallt influenced spreading of christianity.
- was once a jew and against christianity.
- he was able to do many f his speeches and travel throughout the Roman Empire because it was during Pax Romana.
Christian
- belief that jesus is the Messiah
- accatance of Gentiles and Jews alike
Jewish
- belief that jews are the chosen people
- adherence to jewish law
both
- belive in one god
- belief in the ten commandments
organization chart
pope
bishops bishops bishops
priest priest priest priest priest priest
people people people
Popularity
- Became a world religion for multiple reasons
- embrace all people
- gave hope to the powerless
- appealed to those were repelled by the extravagances of imperial rome
- offered personal relationship with a loving god
- promised eternal life after death.
Constantine accepting Christianity
- consantine was fighting over the leadership of Rome
- he then prayed to the Christian God, and saw a cross.
- he then ordered the artisans to paint the christian symbole on the shields
- he was successful in battle so began to accept christianity.
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