wednesday may 18th

eisenhowers accomplishments..

-dominated by the cold war-containment policy..

-used CIA to do covert-ops to disrupt communist gov't abroad..

-opened relations with Spain..

-ended korean conflict and promised in his 1952 election campaign..

-defensive alliances were signed with south korea and taiwan..

-SEATO.. was formed.. south east aisa..

-increased US involvement in southeast korea (vietnem) US advisors sent..

-developed idea that nuclear weapons would be defensive weapons (deterrence)

-started nasa becoz of soviet sputnik launch..

-US spy plane U-2 was shot down over USSR..

-allowed mccarthy to do his thing but privately did not approve..

-eisenhowers doctrine.. aimed at communists*

-believed in laissez faire..

-believed in balanced budget..

-deported around 1 mil illegal immigrants (mostly mexicans..)

-sent federal troops to little rock to help in the desegregation of all public schools 1954- brown case..-

-helped pass the federal aid highway act of 1956..

---Kenedy---

-served in WWII

-was a US representative and Senator for Massechusetts before becoming president..

-married Jacqueline Lee Bouvier..

-first and only catholic president..

-youngest elected president and second youngest president..

-assainated in 1963 in Dallas, texas, by Lee Harvey Oswald..

-struggled getting domestic deals passed..

-stopped us from getting into a war against russia..

-tried getting man on the moon..

-equal rights..

-went to school to become a doctor..

-was doctor for a little bit..

-ran against vice president richard nixon..

-first presidential televised debates that took place..

-many say this helped JFK win the election..

-east berlin was communists..

-bay of pigs invasion in 1961..

-cuban missle crisis..

-alliance for progress with latin america..

-kenedy increased the number of helicopters, military advisors, and special forces in vietnam..

-the CIA helped the new Ba'ath Party gov't overthrow Communists in iraq. this new party systematically murdered large numbers of iraq's educated elite..

-nuclear test ban treaty..

-new frontier..

-promised federal funding for:

1.edu.

2.medical care for elders..

3. economic aid to rural areas

4.gov't intervention of the recession..

5. end racial discrimination..

-peace corps was established in 1961 wehere americans volenteer to help underdeveloped nations in areas such as edu. farming. health care, construction..

-signed the equal pay act of 1963 a federal law aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex..

-warren commision..

---Johnson---

-JFK's vice president..

-took over as president after JFK was assasinted..

-johnson used scare tactics to win election..

-put together warren commision investigate the JFK assasination..

-passed civil rights act of 1964 which outlawed most forms of racial segregation..

-passed viting rights act in 1965 which outlawed descrimination in voting.. which allowed mollion of southern blacks to vote for the first time..

-started affirmative action laws..

-passed immigration acts on 1965 which allowed more non-European people in immigrate into the US immigration more than doubled between 1965-70..

-Great Society--

-Johnson's plan:

aid edu.
attack disease.
-medicare and medicaid.--still around today..
urban renewal
beautification conservation development of depressed regions.
war on poverty
control and prevention of crime.
-removal of obsticles to the right to vote..
elementary and secondary edu act of 1965.. for the first time large amnts of federal money went to public schools and the focus was poor schools..
higer edu act of 1965 which focused on funding lower income students.. including grants and loans work study money and gov't loans..
National Endowment for the humanities and the national endowment for the arts..
economic opportunity act started headstarts.. which was for kids younger then kindergarten..
gun control act of 1968 regulates the firearms industry and firearms owners passed in response in the assasinations of JKL MLK
Johnson and vietnam..
the vietnam conflict dominated much of johnsons presidency..
believed in domino theory..
gulf of tonkin resolution (1964) congress gave johnson complete power to wage a war in vietnam as he saw fit..

Richard Nixon..

only president to run for VP and P..
vietman conflict dominated much of his presidency-war became very unpopular.
promised to end the war..
expannded the war to cambodia and laos-bombing Ho Chi Minh Trail..
started pulling troops out of vietnam as promised..
veitnimization of the war.. The nixon doctrine..
national enviornmental policy act..
clean air act of 1970..
federal water plooution control act.
established many gov't agencies..
envi.. protection agency..
occupational safety and health admin..
council on enviornmental quality..
war on drugs 1971..
supplemental security income.. provides $ to low income people who are either aged , blind, or disabled..
saw large scale integration of schools in the south..
supported affirmative action..
signed title 9 prohibiting gender discrimination in all federally funded schools..
equal employment opportuninty act- enfroces laws against workplace discrimination based on anyones race, color, national origin.. religion.. sex.. age.. percived intellegence and disability..
abortion was legalized during nixons presidency..
US astronauts landed on the moon.. 1969..
nixon approved the development of NASA's space shuttle program..
in 1972 nixon traveled to china where the president was to have direct talks to Mao Zedong and Chou En-lai..
this eased relations with the US and china and china(not taiwan) was recognized as the official China..
went to moscow in 1972..
Salt I was signed limiting nuclear weapons..
supported Isreal in the Yom Kippur War (1973) where israel was attacked by Eqypt and Syria..
watergate scandal.. 5 men broke into the watergate hotel in washington DC.. wanting to re-elect nixon..
tried to sabbatoge the democrats..

Gerald Ford..

pardoned nixon..-- corupt bargain..
whip inflation --called americans to reduce their spending and consmption in an attempt to stop inflation..
edu for all handicapped children act (75) established special ed. in schools thruout the US..
detente with USSR
ford wanted to help south vietnam when north vietnam invaded in 1974 but congress refused..
by april 1975 all of vietnam became communist..
indochina migration and refugee assistance act was passed to allow refugees in immigrate to the US..

COLD WAR PROJECT..

Causes of the Cold War....
- united states v. soviet union..
- democrats v. communists..
- 1945-1990..
- democracy..-get a say over everything..
- communist- controlled..
- US- democrats..
- Soviet Union..- communists..
- free trade.. we thought it'd be good :P
- soviet union didnt agree..
- rivalry over power.. they wanted power over us, we wanted power over them..
- splitting of germany..
- britain, france, US= west..
- soviet union= east..
- US= choice..
- USSR= disagree..
- iron curtain..
- europe=???
- truman doctrine..-help any country the is threatened by communism..
- marshall plan..- helped rebuild european countries economies..
- Atomic bomb..- US had it, and soviet union started creating them..
- intensified the Cold War..
- truman didnt like stalin..
Policy of containment, domino effect, iron curtain speech, marshall plan,truman doctrine..
- 4 main topics..^^
- domino effect..-took place during the 1950's to 80's..
- mainly about communism..
- if one country was communist then everywhere else would "be communist"
- when countries would follow communism was caled the domino effect..
- promoted by govt of US..
- iron curtain speech..
- winston churchill.
- used term iron curtain in sinew of peach address..
- soviet dominated eastern europe..
- splitting between east and west europe..
- Figurative..
- marshall plan..
- ERP-european recovery act..
- 1947-51 george marshall-head guy..
- secretary of state..
- rebuilding a war devestated reigon..
- removing trade barriers..
- modernizing industry..
- making europe prosperous again..
- insure that they didnt turn communist..
- truman doctrine..
- set up by harry truman..
- US would support greese and turkey..
- didnt want communists..
- greece had been supported by britain and they were near bankruptcy and they had to reduce their involvement and that we help them..
- feb.1947 is when we started to help them..
- sent $400 mil. no military forces..
- truman doctrine was informally the blame of the American cold war..
house commity unamerican activities..
- HUAC
- created in 1938 to wook into private citizen engaging in criminal acts against the US..
- keeping people from having communist ties..
- hollywood blacklist..
  - famous people accused of being communist..
  - they were blacklisted..
    - gov't watching..
    - werent able to get a job..
- determined to find communist people and sympathizers just so it wouldnt spread and people had to give names if they knew any names.. of people..
- whoever didnt tell were held in contempt of congress..
- joe mccarthy accused people of being communist..
- second red scare was the fear of communists spying on our govt,
- fear of USSR atomic bombing the US..
- red scare minimized the communist activity.. layed low..
- became less important by the 1960's..
Cuban Missile Crisis..
- the US started to build missile bases in Turkey and Italy. which could attack the capital of the soviet union, moscow.
- the cuban missile crisis is the name for the soviet union and cuban govt responding by building..........
- the US then began to react when images of the bases were discovered..
- JFK then formed the EX-COMM, which was a group of people designated to handle the situation at hand..
- kennedy decided to form a naval blockage around the island of cuba..
- the US dertermined that the USSR dismantle the bases in exchange of the US agreeing to not invade cuba..
- eventually the whole crisis subsided with the US and USSR getting rid of the bases in the problem area..
- US attepted to invade cuba..
- fidel castro was confident that the US would attempt a second attack..
- premier nikita khrushchev
- during october 1962 there was much fear of a nuclear war breaking out..
- US was ready to attack cuba.. if anything were to happen..
- if a missile was to be launched ti would be taken as an attack against the US..
- if anyone was to make one wrong move a nuclear war was going to start..
- it seemed like so many people were going to die and only one person was killed in combat and 11 others died from a few aircraft crashes..
- there were several exchanges of communication..
- krushchev was attemping to get kennedy to remove bases..
- october 15th- images of bases..
- oct. 16 JFK found out..
- oct 22.- kennedy announced that there were missile bases..
- oct 28.. krushchev began to dismantle the basses which ended the crisis..
ronald regans strategic defensive initiative..
- march 23 1983..
- develope a anit ballistic missile system..
- thought to protect us from missile attacks on other countries esspecially the Soviet Union..
- it was our response to predicted nuclear attacks from other countries..
- star wars""
- alot of people against it becoz they thought that it would cost a lot of money...
- thought that it wouldnt have enuf room to do it..
- thought soviet uniion would get even more mad..
- thought it was a waste of money..
- weapons took up alot of space..
- a lot of power was needed for this.. didnt know they would have enuf..
- take over a billion dollars to cover all the expenses..
- xray lasers projectiles that were comp guided that would be fired by electromagnetic rail guns and subatomic beams..
- strategic defense initiative organization was established..
- the plan failed at that time..
- nuclear power method was too difficult to use..
- wasnt enuf space for everything..
- design was close to impossible to make..
- 30 billion dollars was used in the end to a plan that failed..
- missile defense agency..
- trying to make all this stuff to happen..
- more advanced technology..
- ground and sea based radars.. and still trying to get lasers to work..
- hit to kill technology..
berlin blockade..
- between soviet union and allied forces
- afraid they would use nuclear weapons.
- germany was set up into 4 zones.
- during the blockade the soviet union blocked the railroads going into berlin to block supply lines..
- created the idea of the berlin airlift.
- our planes dropped tons of stuff for them..
- allied forces wanted to repair germany and the soviets wanted to destroy it..
- stalin and the "red army" set up in east germany while the US was in west germany..
- blockade lasted about 11 months.
- berlin airlift..
  - our planes would come in and give them 13 tons of supplies a day to give them what they needed.
  - russia wanted fly in supplies too but they refused..
- eventually hit the winter.. and people usually live off of potatoes and bread and had little to no electricity..
- that is why we had to drop supplies to them..
- soviets offered to drop supplies too and the people of berlin still refused..
- the US put B29 bombers (could carry atomic bombs) on bases in great britain..
nuclear arms race..
- the manhattan project was the first project of nuclear weapons created by the united states.
- even tho the soviet union was an allied power they US wanted to keep the weapons a secret for they didnt trust them..
- the US had a monopoly over nuclear weapons during the WWII years.
- soviets were secretly building nuclear weapons..
- we didnt think that the soviet union until mid 50's..
- august 29 1949 was when soviets denotated their first nuclear weapons.
- after both nations got nuclear weapons it was a race to get hugher quality bombs..
- intercontinental ballistic missiles were created.. deliver missiles to any part of the world. and didnt require the use of bombers..
- when soviets lauched sputnik sattelite in 1957 it was feared that they might launch a nuclear missile attack that would reach any part of the world this also had a major role in starting the space race..
- defense tactics.
- satellites were designed to detect a nuclear strike b4 it happened..
- large bunkers were made to save leaders and citizens built fallout shelters..
- people were taught how to react to a nuclear strike in an act of civil defense..
- mutual assured destruction.. was the US and USSR's mutual understanding that nuclear strike from either side would cause massive damage to both parties..
- came into play in the 1950's when either side had enuf power to completely obliterate the other side..
- even if the otehr side was able to launch and obliterate the enemy.. the other side would be able to send a counter strike to destroy the first attacker..
- UK peoples of repulic of china and france also had nuclear weapons..
N.A.T.O..
- stands for north atlantic treaty organization..
- assigned on aprl 4th 1949.
- if another country gets attacked then we would help them..
- in september 1952 the first major nato maritime exercises began..
- soviet union wanted to join nato..
- france withdrew from nato.
- on december12 1979 we gave europe nuclear arms..
- organized a lot of organizations and plans after the 9/11 attacks..
- recently put a no fly zone over lybia..
- nato states put a weapons embargo against lybia..
- destalinization- stalin dies.. knew how to deal with him.. guy tht comes to power startsundoing everything that stalin did.. and that was destalinization..
- peaceful co-existence..- we can live peacefully in the world, and without going to war..
- until bay of pigs..
fidel castro and the bay of pigs.
- fidel castro was a communist..
- led cuban revolution.
- over threw cuban dictator.
- and attempted to take over cuba before in 1956
- was sent to jail got released and trained in mexico.
- 250.000 of the 6mil people abandoned their country..
- get rid of ministers he didnt trust.
- people went to jail for going against him..
- a program of covert against the castro regime.. richard bissel....
- tried to embarrass castro..
- recruited cubans against castro to miami..
- invasion took plavce on the landing on the beach playa giron.
- in april 1961 cuban exiles launched their invasion.
- in the night they triedd to plant a diversion and they planted boats to create a diversion..
- at midnight on april 17th 1400 landed at snrise..
- 2 hours after landing 270 troops had been unloaded..
- many lost their weapons and luggage..
- by the end of the day the communists had found and killed osvaldo ramirez..
- kennedy was informed that we were doing terrible..
- kennedy took the blame for the loss.. and bissell resigned for the CIA..
- reason we wanted to invade was so we could stop communism from spreading..
- when we couldnt stop cuba it continued to be linked to the soviet union which may have led up to the cuban missile crisis..
- the bay of pigs was a disgrace..
- bay of pigs blew up in kennedys face..
nixons visit to china.
- today we have open door policy with china..
- have = rights to china..
- nixon went to china.. and was first president to visit peoples republic since it was established in 1949..
- our goal was to try to get rid of communism during the cold war..
- meetings with mao zedong.
- secret meeting.. didnt want info going out in the US..
- only his body guard could go in.
- didnt wanna get involved since china was communist and we were democracy.. if china wasnt communist then the korea or vietnam war would have never happened..
- ping pong diplomacy..
  - our all american ping pong recived a suprise invitation to come play at the peoples repulic china..
  - broke tension between US and china..
- mao zedong's biggest fear was the URRS..
- wanted us to gain trust for him so he wasnt enemies with both sides..
- he wanted taiwan back becoz it was origianally part of china..
- today, taiwan is still seperated from china..
detente.. salt I salt II peace treaties is the 70's..
- peace corps..
  - doctors. engineers and horticulturists..
  - went to other countires and trieed to resolve problems..
  - at the end of the decade 6000 were working in the field..
  - 2 workers returned home to be electated US senate..
- paul tsongas
- christopher dodd..
- permanent relaxation internal conflicts in cold war..
- america russia and china.. (word used)
- stragetic arms limitaion talks.. anti ballistic missile treaty..
effects of the soviets invasion of afghanistan..
- dec. '79..
- soviets invaded to help strengthen the communist gov't in power..
- a ten year civil war soviet troops and afghan guerrilla's..
- holy war.. guerilla's were armed by US and allies... were trained in pakistan.. and soviets had good control over guerilla's at first..
- soviets would kill citizens..
- guerilla's would start turning the soviet army around when the soldiers started losing motivation to keep fighting..
inf treaty..
- perestroika.. russian word meaning rebuilding.. re constructing..
- glasnost.. openness both used by gorbachev..
- thought would help stop the corruption of the communist party..
- intermediate range nuclear force treaty..
- ballistic and cruise missiles were not allowed to be used in intermediate ranges..
- reagan was one of the people who signed the treaty..
- gorbachev.. he was the leader of the soviet union..
- signed the treaty becoz of how it would come if one country would use it so the other would..
the berlin wall.. going up and coming down..
- closed the border in 1952..
- started august 12 1961..
- up by august 13 1961..
- in 1965 the concrete one was started..
- it was buiilt to seperate west berlin from east berlin..
- political move..
- germany was split into 4 reigions.. french US british soviet union..
- people jumped out windows ..
- tried climbing..
- consequenses.. lost their jobs.. lost families.. killed.. injured..
- wall falling symbolized the end of the cold war..
- november 9th 1969.. gov't allowed east germany to go places..
Why the US won the cold war..
- soviet union invaded afghanistan..
- reagan and gorbachev meetings..
- glasnost and perestrokia
- pope john paul II
- thousands of muslims joined together to try and over throw..
- reaagan and corbachev came up with a disarmnent plan 50% reduction arsenals..
- started building a trust system with eachother..
- glasnost openness..
- perestrokia private businesses ending price control by gov't citizens have some say in gov't.
- goal to include more people in political process and allow gov't critisism..
- pope john paul II and margaret Thatcher..
- trip to poland.
- revolution of spirit motivated for freedom..
- prime minister of great britain.. alli..
the fall of communism and the end of the cold war..
- the collapse of communism..
- the cold war was to dominate international affairs for decades and many major crisis's occured the cuban missile crisis vietnam and the berlin wall are just a few of them..
- countries involved in the cold war..
  - poland
  - hungary
  - east germany
  - bulgaria
  - czechoslovakia and romania..
- both US and soviet union were afraid to fight face to face and then they were afraid they would use nuclear weapons on each other..
- so it was pretty much just yelling and bickering..
- there was lot of agreements and treatys and they were reducing their numbers of nuclear weapons. so then both countries didnt have to feel like they were constantly being aimed at with nuclear bombs..

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wednesday may 18th

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