1. Causes of the Cold War-
America had a democracy and the Soviet Union was communist..Americans feared a communist attack..Both countries feared the other's government
-Democracy-freedom..people have the power
-Communism-government controls everything and there's no freedom
Truman vs. Stalin:
-were allies during the war
-argued about power
-broke ties at the end of the war
-D-day delay
-Refused to join the United Nations
3 Power disagreement
-Stalin wanted an agreement from Germany that they wouldn't attack
-US wanted to help build Germany back up after the war
-US and Germany wanted to stop Communist control...didn't want it to spread any further
2. Policy of Containment: domino effect, Iron Curtain Speech, Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine-
Policy of Containment; U.S. used military, economy, and international relations to slow down the spread of communism
Domino effect; one country becoming communist sparked the decision of another one to be come communist also
Iron Curtain Speech; Iron curtain divided Europe into two groups after WWII, speech given by Churchill on March 5, 46 and it addressed the segregation between East and West Europe, and it was then that the Cold War began
Marshall Plan; Strengthen European economic foundation, it modernized business and industrialization, lowered artificial trade barriers, helped develop self-reliance, and gave hope for the future, we helped European countries
Truman Doctrine; took over support from Great Britain, we helped Greece and Turkey-gave them money and military supplies but not troops
3. House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC)-
HUAC; investigate alleged disloyalty and subversive acts on the part of private citizens, public employees, and those organizations suspected of having Communist ties
4. Senator Joe McCarthy and McCarthyism-
anti-communists, 57 names of people in public who were communist.. took communism as one big witch hunt.. investigate people and then release names to the public.. McCarthy: accusing people of wrong doing without having evidence.. identified communists by associates communists, expressed communist sympathies, homosexuals, hollywood figures, higher up people in the Army
Tactics for Conviction: put them in a room and black mail them etc
Attacked hollywood.. Entertainment Industry Blacklist-entertainers with real or suspected ties to communism.. Hollywood Ten-first 10 members of industry refused to cooperate claiming right to free speech..
Hollywood made movies going agaisnt McCarthy (such as the Crucible)
On his side: 50% of people,. American legions, minute women of USA, American public relations forum, christian organizations
Not:pres. Truman, Lyndon B Johson, politicians, Edward Murrow ("See It Now"), Communist Party
At the time he had no evidence.. but a lot of them ended up being or having ties to communism
Fired McCarthy drank himself to death after went to court
5. Berlin Blockade and Airlift-Brian-
Germany was plit into East and West Germany... Great Britain, France, USA and then the Soviet Union
Soviets wanted to make Berlin communist.. tried to cut off west berliners from the rest of the world.. would cause starvation and bankruptcy..
No agreemnets had been made for air restrictions.. had to supply city by air
had to fly in coal and gasoline and food
GB, US, Candada, France, Australia helped out
Black Friday.. rain caused low visibility and planes crashed
New Rules:
if plane missed its landing spot.. must return home
used 10 ton C-54s instead of 3.5 ton C-47s
Germans would rather starve and suffer instead of falling to the Soviets
*Berlin Blockade; plans of Soviets differed from plans of France, GB, and U.S.. soviets tried to take control of Berlin. Attempted to cut off West Berliners from rest of the world, blockade was supposed to cause starvation and bankruptcy
6. China becoming communist-Mao-
Mao Zedong: leader of chinese revolution, founding father of people's repulbic china, led communist party
Had coalation government:a lot of people running one government,
Agraarian Reform Law: redistributed land.. land revolution spoke out against it
communism took over=changes:divorce, polygamy banned, killing of unwanted babies banned, no arranged marriages, no cars, no foreigners, no foreign business in cities, controlled inflation, state bank and no private bank, small businesses stay open to boost economy
Three Antis Campaign: targeted communist cadres that become close to China's Capitalists
Socialism: 5 year plan: development of heavy industry (soviets).. collective agriculture
Mao's attempt to modernize China (Great Leap Forward)
* Mao Zedong founding father of communism. Agrarian reform law put land into the wrong hands. Many things different, divorce easy, businesses privately owned, no polygamy prostitution or abortion, marriage reform law, no foreigners or cars in cities. Cultural revolution. Before communism, China was in a war with Japan, had too many people, unmodernized, poor, isolated, money valueless. Three-Antis Campaign; tried to get rid of capitalists. First Five Year Plan based off of Soviet Union's.
7. NATO(beginning to present), de-Stalinization and peaceful co-existence-
North Atlantic Treaty Organization: US Canada Western European Allies.. defensive alliance..
Nikito Krewshev wanted to de-stalinize some of the bad things that Stalin does.
*(beginning to present), de-Stalinization and peaceful co-existence- NATO; North Atlantic Treaty Organization.. Stalin died Kruhschehv came to power, spoke of de-stalinization. No more killing people, less brutal, ending slave labor camps. Peaceful co-existence; we don't have to love each other and get along, but we can live peacefully next to eachother and mind our own.
8. Nuclear Arms race(1945-1970)-
many thought outcome of the cold war would be how many nuclear weapons you have
soviets tried to build larger bombs
pamphlets and shelters for nuclear weapons
enough bombs to destroy the world
*-Soviets began working on their own weapons
-Americans predicted USSR's weapons wouldn't be ready until mid-1950's
-First Soviet bomb dropped on August 29, 1949
-Known as "joe One"
-Both began working on hydrogen bombs
-smaller in size but 2500 times more powerful
ICBMs
-Intercontinental ballistic missiles or rockets
-most important development in terms of delivery
-missiles were thought to be more effective thatn strategic bombers
-also cheaper, faster and more diffucult to destroy
-US employed German scientist who had developed the V2 Rocket in WWII
Development
-Biggest problem was accuracy
-Further distances traveled=less accuracy
-US needed missiles to travel long distances
-ICBMs were lighter and smaller
-By 1967, US had developed Atlas missile
-Minuteman
-Atlas took over an hourt to prepare
-By end of the 1950's the Minuteman was produced
Space Race
-On OCtober 4, 1057, the SUSR launched their first milssile/sattelite called the Sputnik
-Showed the had missiles able to reach any part of the world
-US launched own satellite two years later
-When USSR launched Sputnik, America built DEW line around the Arctic-Defense and Early Warning System
-If Russia attacked with missiles, twenty million Americans would die
-There were enough bombs to destroy world by 1961
Polaris
-Subarmarine that the US developed
-Could carry nuclear weapons
-Subs could move closer to USSR
-Accuracy increased
-Could carry 16 nuclear missiles
-One Polaris sub carried more power than bombs during WWII
Defense
-1950's saw first attempts to defend agaisnt nuclear weapons
-The US and USSR built large radar systems to detect bombers and missiles
-Fighter and anti-ballistic missile wer also developed
-Massive Retaliation/Mutual Deterreence
-If an attack from an agressor nation would occur, the attacked country would massively retaliate by using force greater thatn the size of the attack
-The aim was to deter that country from attacking in the first place
-The US would use bomb shelters and nuclear weapons helped to defend the US from attacks
9. Fidel Castro and the Bay of Pigs-
invasion (originally false) later they actually unloaded troops
cubans invaded and us military promised air support and kennedy didn't want it to look like it was a U.S job.. tried to get back their country
*Cuba suspected invasion, supplied themselves ahead of time. False invasion with cargo ships, then we attacked.. Cuban planes started attacking us. Mission unsuccessful. Cubans supposed to recapture their land that was being dictated by Castro.. were promised air support by Kennedy.
10. The Cuban Missile Crisis- Missiles being held in Cuba, we quarantined them so no more missiles could come in. Made a deal that if all missiles were removed from Cuba, we would not invade them.. we also removed our missiles from Turkey. Two leaders were JFK and Nikita Khrushchev
10. The Cuban Missile Crisis-
put a naval blockade around Cuba.. US and Soviets made a deal where the Soviets would dismantle and remove missle sites.. US removes missles from Turkey
*Missiles being held in Cuba, we quarantined them so no more missiles could come in. Made a deal that if all missiles were removed from Cuba, we would not invade them.. we also removed our missiles from Turkey. Two leaders were JFK and Nikita Khrushchev
11. The Berlin Wall--Going Up and Coming Down-
division of east and west berlin where people can't move from communist east side to free west side
*-Barrier constructed by German democratic republic
-Cut of West Berlin from east Berlin and Germany
-Death strip, Wire fence to concrete, Guard Towers, more than 87 miles long
Why it was constructed:
-Eastern Bloc was dominated by the Soviets
-Fascist-radical political ideology
-Socialist state in East Germany
-West Germany hadn't been de-Nazified "Wall of Shame"
-Stopped people from fleeing from East Berlin to West Berlin
Effects:
-many tried to escape to be free
-some families were split because of the wall
-many lost jobs because they were cut off from it
-East German government able to reassert control
Response:
-Kennedy appointed General Lucius D. Clay
-ordered the Berlin airlift to drop supplies
-US troops marched from West Germany to East headed to Wes Berlin
-The convoy arrived in West Berlin
-Berliners felt reassured
The Fall:
-Hugary had disabled its border defences against Austria
-Many East Germans escaped through Hungary to Austria
-Then flooded West Germany and refused to return
-East Germany disallowed travel to Hugary
-Protest broke out in East
-"Peaceful Revolution"--
-Germans gathered at gate, guards overwhelmed
Demolition
-Started on November 9, 1989 (it was put up in 1961)
-Wall not completely torn down
-People came with sledgehammers, and chissels, and hammers
-More border crossings added
-Bulldozers reinstated old roads
-Visa-free travel on December 23
-Short sections and watchtowers left as memorials
-German reunification not official until October 3, 1990
12. Nixon's visit to China-
arrived feb. 21
the spirit of 76 (plane)
random visit.. no one saw it coming
Yugoslavian embassay in Warsaw, fashion show there
figured out who the chinese were at fashion show.. message from prez. nixon about open communication
oct. 1970 dinner with prez of pakistan.. agreed tohelp with communications and month later had supper with chinese and said they would think about it
henry kissinger was nixon's national secrutiy advisor who set up visit
kissinger's visit was to set up for nixon to go
(feb 21st- 28th)
had a newly found friendship
Talked about:
-talks about control of north vietnam (china take it over) and china did not care about it at all
-US being at war with North Vietnam.. china and them were allies.. china said we have to pull out of the war with no negotiations
-chinese wanted to talk about China vs. Soviet Union
-scared of soviet union who was starting border disputes and tried to claim land that wasn't theirs
-US and china both viewed SU as a threat (good so we had something in common)
-chinese wanted taiwan back
-document said that taiwan was part of china (united)
-these talks were prez nixon's greatest accomplishment
-china got better understanding of our policies etc.
-shocked the world
-main objective to prevent nuclear war
-SUCCESS--stepping stone to SALT treaties and being done with the coldwar
13. 1970's Peace Attempts-Detente, Salt I, Salt II-
no lives were lost during the cold war
detente-french for relaxation (loosening tensions)
China: not isolated, smallest stockpile of weapons, bad relations with SU, feared US from Vietnam
SU: bad relations with china, poor living conditions,
US: recovering from Vietnam, no more money, needed better ways to contain communism
SALT I: stategic arms limitation talks.. number nuclear weapons (69-72), not increase missels
SALT II: strategic arms limitation talk number two (77-79), reduce nuclear arms manufactured, banned new missle programs (never ratified b/c SU invaded Afghanistand)
14. Effects of the Soviet's invasion of Afghanistan-
grain production dropped in afghanistan
we tried to starve them.. war continued three years
communist leader
five million mines covered 2% of the country
Al Queda dnd Talaban formed after
Jimmy Carter Prez
Boycott Moscow open games
spent money trying to support Afghanistan resistance group-Mushahadine turns into Taliban and AlQueda (turned into enemies)
Leaders: Noor Mohammeed Taraki-first communist prez, Amin-killed Taraki, KG8(police group from Soviet Union)-killed Amin.. didn't like Amin's ways, Babrak Karmai-prez, but resigned, Mohammad Nagibolaf came to power
Soviet Union Forces: Marxist People's, democratic party of afghanistand, india
Islamist Myahhundine: united states, pakistand, china, united kingdom, saudi arabia, others
Soviets invaded to support government against resistance group and to promote and preserve communism
invaded and place Kamal in place of Amin.. invited in by communist government
1988 victory with 86 turning point
15. Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative(Missile Defense System today)-
Also known as Star Wars.. science fictiony and waste of money?
we had to figure out how to stop missles all would be destroyed from nuclear missles
nuclear missles detected radars and went back messages so we could send something to stop the missle
shut down ny Bill Clinton (Ballistic Missile Defense Organization)
more information known but didn't know how effective it was ($25 bil)
16. Gorbachev's/Reagan's changing ways-perestroika and glasnost, INF Treaty-
peristroika and glasnost: russian words meaning openness and restructuring (CHANGE)
program restructuring soviet union so make it more democratic and have better relations
personal mission of reagan was to achieve a world w/o nuclear weapons
Gorbachev deserves credit b/c he was the first for change!
Reagan had willingness to work with the soviets
terrible economy was an ispiration for this
17. The fall of Communism and the end of the Cold War-explain how it all went down-
Poland, Hungary, East Germany, Bulgaria, Czechoslavakia (revolutions to end communism) (late 80s)
-Solidarity was the people coming together (voting again)(democracy)
Poland harldy voted for communist leaders
before East Germany officially got rid of communism, people left through hungary (newly freed) to west germany
Czech overthrew communist government
Romanian military changed sides and forced out communist leader
Warsaw Pact broke down which was the opposite of NATO
18. The new map of Europe(up to present)-
19. Why the US won the Cold War-
20. Korean Conflict--
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